فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی ورزش و جوانان
پیاپی 19 (بهار 1392)

The present article, focusing on the youth concept, attempts to compare all national and international definitions on this concept by using the documental method. This comparison aims at recognizing the most suitable definition of youth and offering it to the body responsible for youth affairs in the country. Therefore, the research structure has been designed, in which the main reason, objectives, and the questions as well as the methodology of research have been discussed in the introduction. The first section of the research attempts to introduce the main approaches to the youth concept and recommend the proper one for adopting the national definition for youth concept. The second section discusses the national youth definition in 23 countries, comparing with national youth definition in Islamic Republic of Iran. The third section, entitled "the youth definition in the international organizations", explains the definitions declared by the United Nations and European Union. In the fourth section, the diversity and differentiation of youth definition will be analyzed, in which this hypothesis is approved: "the difference between the national youth definitions in different countries rooted from national values, attitudes, and socio-cultural structures as well as economic and political situation". Finally, in the conclusion, reviewing the proper answers to the research questions, the suitable and better definition is suggested to the youth responsible body in the country.

Today in modern societies, differentiation process and diagnosis of lifestyles between individuals and groups nor by their heredity bases of social, economic, political rather than a choice based on the consumption of material and spiritual goods will be. Among the factors that determine the choice of consumption is different ownership in the context of social inequality. People have different resources; different ways of lifestyle and consequently their leisure patterns would be formed. Ownership of social capital in the similar way forms their lifestyle and leisure. The present study attempted to empirically examine the theoretical point (Pierre Bourdieu's analysis plan). For this reason the “Shiraz University" as a scientific/social field were selected and 430 students by systematic random sampling were examined. The results showed that the amount of social capital available to students in both formal and informal social capital kind are medium and low; however, informal social capital is correlated with individualistic leisure patterns, While formal social capital with individualistic leisure patterns and collectivist leisure patterns both is correlated. The results were discussed and practical solutions were proposed.

This paper is adopted from a survey on the social exclusion of the youths in Iran aiming to study the theoretical literature of the subject and to assess the amount and dimensions of the social exclusion and its conditions and contexts in the young urban population of Tehran and its margins. The survey was administrated on a sample including 1200 subjects. The modern concept of the social exclusion has created a research framework in the field of inequality, poverty and social deprivation. Based on the mentioned framework, the visible and invisible dimensions of the social exclusion of the at-risk groups including youths will be assessed in a wider scope and in more systematic and more precise way. In the social exclusion context, the excluded groups and regions are marginalized and excluded from the mainstream of the distribution of resources and social opportunities based on some (different) specific conditions, events, and characteristics in an accumulative and chronic way, so that their release from such a situation (i.e. from the exclusion trap) will be a trans-personal issue requiring corrective activities and combinational interventions at systemic and social level. The findings and results of this research are presented in a descriptive and an analytic part in the paper. The mentioned findings and results show that approximately half of the teenagers and youths of the study (including both boys and girls) of Tehran and its margins stand at the risk of being marginalized and socially excluded in most part of their youth age (15-29 years old). This risk for the mentioned population is higher than average and currently the studied population live in the situation of objective and subjective chronic multiple limitations. The range of the subjective exclusion index is more than the objective exclusion. There is no significant relationship between the mentioned index and the risk variables (including the gender and the residence of the respondents) except for the variable of the age which shows a significant relationship with the subjective exclusion. In contrast, the objective exclusion has a significant relationship with the age and residence, though it has no significant relationship with the variable of the gender.

The study considers relationship between religious identity and lifestyle of Shiraz youth. At first we reviewed studies in this issue; then based on the ideas of Giddens, seven hypotheses were presented. To test the hypotheses, 560 young people aged between 15 and ¬ 29 were selected by multistage random sampling. The method of this study was using questionnaire. The results show that the correlation between some variable lifestyle and level of religiosity and religious identity is a meaningful relationship. The results of the regression analysis show that respectively virtual network variables, religion style, media, responsive foreign income, local writing media, being single, new technologies and new leisure and cultural style explained a 52 percent change in the dependent variables. This study suggests that the strengthening of religious beliefs and religious life has significant positive impact on religious identity.

In this study, related to the Modernism and pre marriage relationships, we have carried out a comparative research, among the women in 1and 11 regions of Tehran in 2010.The theoretical of the research frame work is the theory of anomy. We have this main The study of the level of modernity among the universal population. Field study in regions 1and11 of Tehran was done by using questionnaire Technique. The volume of sample in this survey was 285 the universe included women aged 15 and upper in Tehran. The results of this survey show that there is meaningful relation between modernity and pre marriage, and results of measurement related to research's theories show that if the level of modernity goes up, then people prefer more pre marriage relationships. The results show that the level of modernity influence on the anomy and tolerance. on the hand, the findings of the research show that volume of using the satellite has the most influence on pre marriage relationships.

This paper is trying to consider qualitative identification of youth (high school, third grades students of Shiraz). The method used is underlying theory, data were collected from in- depth and unstructured interviews, the analysis yielded seven categories that include: 1- cyberspace dominate 2- risk leisure 3- doppelganger selection, media 4- Forming pop 5- select location: haggle for the identity 6- study: knowledge from new resources 7- the importance of body. The core issue is rethinking and ultra traditional sources in leisure. At the end a theoretical scheme was extracted.

The aim of this research is Explanation of strategic position and presentation of development strategy in Sport for all in Iran and to design a model. The population of the research includes: Sport For All Federation managers, its strategic Council members, its sub sport Associations and Sport For All provinces Units. To benefit the experts and authoritie's point of view effectively, a questionnaire within the framework of the federation strategic plan content was designed and sent to the target population including: different federations and associations managers, the provinces sports units and the federation strategic Council members. A five –level Likert scale (strongly agree /agree/ neutral/ disagree/ strongly disagree) was designed. The results showed that this exercise on the coordinates of SWOT in terms of internal factors in the region's strengths and the external factors of the area of opportunity lies. Then considering the proportion of Sport For All processes role to the other sports and its relationship with procurement, management and processing control components and culture & religious values, Iran Sport For All developing model was designed noticing sport management scientific structure, processing structure and its relationship with other sports and macro management circles for macro policy-making, planning and procurement & executive levels.

Athletes and coaches focus all their efforts on providing the physical, mental, and technical development of sports which can lead to improved performance, but without knowledge of the factors affecting training management practice it is impossible. A review of training science indicates that the knowledge, experience and ability of trainers, on one hand, and the way they might use these three elements, on the other hand, causes different results. The status of athletes in athletics as a valuable national asset and the cost of training them are crystal clear. But because of the cultural, economic, psychological, physiological, genetic, metabolic and morphological complications of athletes the first step in training management should be based on a deep understanding and detailed study of the properties listed here. Therefore, in all sports fitness, technical, tactical, metabolic, psychological and attitudinal needs of athletes should be scrutinized and training plan of each individual athlete must accord with his requirements. The second step is training principles and the way they are applied before, during and after exercises. The third step will be to control all of the variables affecting the Golden Triangle of Championship, that is, optimized practice, high performance and competition results. This is taken to prevent errors and mistakes and to allow corrections to be implemented to pave the way for growth and development. Thus, in this article, with an emphasis on different biological capacity of athletes, it is aimed to warn coaches and teams who ignore sport and skill individuality of athletes, also to introduce them efficient ways to succeed in sports. Here, through the education of scientific principles of championship, we seek to introduce the latest findings to the athletes, coaches and responsible individuals in this area and also to increase their knowledge upon effective methods of exercises.

Quiet revolution, a phenomenon that refers to the rate of growth of the elderly population in the world and some of countries whit strong social and demographic challenges facing. Thus, according the overall to this section needs of the third millennium. Based on this study the purpose participation in physical activity levels and barriers have been implemented. This study was a survey research method. For this purpose 310 elderly people whit an average age of (65±4.7) in parks, natural environments and public places were selected as sample and voluntarily participated in the study. The data collected from a questionnaire that was prepared in accordance with the objectives of the study were used. Face and content validity and reliability of the questionnaire whit five academic expert through a pilot study and calculation of cronbach,s alpha (α = 0.79) were reviewed and approved. To analyze data was used from a sample t test and independent t. The result shown not optimal elderly participation level in sports such that 43% of elderly people have more than one session per week to exercise. Also time physical activity, 62% of this age group is less than an hour a week. The study showed preventing factors elderly people in sports among the factors of the economic, social, family, structural have been effective whit rate elderly people participation inhibition in sports activities. It seems increasing age not along the main obstacle to exercise and physical activity as well as elderly people presence in sports places, rather such as factors lack of easy access, lack of financial independence and individual belief by far from barrier of people presence in physical activity.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of two organizational variables, Psychological Empowerment and organizational commitment on intention to continue volunteering in student sports that was carried out by a descriptive field method. The Statistical population of this study was the whole of students that they had corporation with physical education offices of state universities of Tehran as volunteers. (N=338). Stratified random sampling was used and for determining sample size from statistical population, Morgan table was used, the data were gathering from 186 volunteers. In order to collect data, the researcher used Psychological Empowerment, organizational commitment, Intention to continue and demographic questionnaires. Descriptive methods were used to analyze the data and in order to determine the effect use of structural equation modeling (SEM) through software of Amos graphic /18 was was used. Generally Data analysis of results showed that empowerment and organizational commitment were effect on intention to continue volunteering. These two organizational variables are important factors in retaining student sports volunteers.

Due to the influence of different aspects of the sport, especially athletics in the community as one of the indicators of economic and social development, this study ought to identify the least-developed and non-development regions, leading to proper planning for reduce regional disparities.The present study was descriptive and analytical. The statistical population consisted of 30 the Organization of Youth and Sports. The statistical sample was same with statistical population. The data’s of provinces includes, athletes, coaches, medals were won by each province, sport facilities … by the researcher made questionnaire. Descriptive statistic methods were used to describe data and inferential statistics methods (factor analysis) and numerical taxonomy to analyze the data (α= 0.05).The results indicate that 10.34% of provinces were developed, 48.27% leas-development & 41.37% non-development. Also Tehran in comparison with the other provinces was non-homogeneous. Determining to recognize the leas-development and non-development provinces in term of athletics, will help sports authorities to allocate scheduling of priority in regions.

This research aims to study the relationship between leadership styles with change management abilities among Iranian super-leagues coaches. Study population included all Iranian super-leagues players (volleyball, basketball, badminton, wrestling, karate) (N =390). The samples included 309 players. They were randomly selected from the super-leagues. Coaches leadership style and change management abilities were measured by MLQ (1996) and karnal (1991) questionnaires. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire in the target population were examined and approved at α=0.05. In order to data analysis descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were employed. In order to determine the relationship between leadership styles and change management abilities, pearson correlation coefficient was used. Results show that there was a significant positive relationship between leadership style and change management abilities among Iranian super-leagues coaches.