فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی ورزش و جوانان
پیاپی 28 (تابستان 1394)

Recently, the competition between countries to gain medals in international competitions and rankings of countries based on scores, has taken a high intensity and this has led thes researchers to begin to explore affecting socio-economic and other factors in sporting success in various competitions including the Olympic Games. However, the growth of research in this field and distribution of information, dominance of all aspects of this area is impossible. Hence, the combination of the results of previous conducted studies to obtain an overview research topic is more useful than the definition of new research projects. In the present study, purposive sampling (snowball sampling) was used. After reviewing the articles about the relationship between economic factors and sport performance, 20 studies were selected. To analyze the data collected, a comprehensive meta-analysis software program was used. The results showed that the mean of effect size of the relationship between economic factors and performance in sports events was 0.415. Since the effect size of the estimated is significant at 95% level, economic factors effect on sports performance.

This study is to analyze the contextual success factors of small and medium enterprise in Sports in Iran. The research method is field-descriptive, that carried out using a Persian selfdesigned questionnaire with acceptable validity and reliability. The statistical population and sample of this research include sport SMEs in Iran (n=306, N=1500). Data gathered using distribution questionnaire among company executives and analyzed with factor analyze. The study discloses that marketing, Business plan, Government support, networking, Entrepreneurial readiness, technology, legality, information access and capital access are important factors in sport business success. The results suggest that the owners of these businesses should pay more attention to the perfect business plan, improve marketing activities, networking, using of government support, technology development and entrepreneurship levels. Government agencies and universities should also be prepared to give assistances in those fields. Improving legality can be helpful to Simplification of bureaucracy.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of sport on the process of globalization. The research tool was a researcher made questionnaire which after confirming face and content validity (KMO=0/908) and reliability (α: 0/93) was used. The statistical society was sport management professionals and academics. Research subjects were purposefully selected. Kolmogorov- Smirnov test was used to assess the normality of the data distribution. The statistical significance test was used to assess the importance of statistical significance test items and to prioritize the effects of development of sport on four dimensions of globalization. The results showed that the most important development effects of sport is on the economic, social, political and cultural dimension of globalization which include "increasing (direct and indirect) foreign investments", "development of tourism industry", "extension of diplomacy and cooperation with other countries" and "expanding the use of the International language" respectively. Globalization is an inevitable and semi dimensional fact. Managing of this phenomenon is essential in order to enhance the positive effects and avoid the negative ones. In this regard, recognizing the effects can be admitted for effective planning and development.

The aim of this study was to design private sector participation barriers model in Iranian football clubs that is done using exploratory–descriptive method. Professional football clubsُ managers at football federation top managers and sport management and other sport experts familiar with football clubs were selected as research sample (N= 150). Questionnaire (Validity was confirmed, Reliability (0/87) was used for Data gathering. Descriptive statis, Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis were applied for data analysis. Excell, Amos and Spss were used. The most important barrier is economic (0/79), then legal (0/63) and structural (0/4) at last. Managerial barriers were not confirmed in final model. Economic barriers have to a large extent prevented achieving privatization objective of football clubs. So, we suggested that government, sport managers provide Commercial making actions to increase football clubs income sources. Also legal and structural changes are necessary before privatization. Otherwise, as in the past years the privatization of football clubs would be a dream.

The research attempts to explain the relationship between sports activities on social deviations among youth with regard to intermediate variables such as social link and differential link for detailed explanation of indirect relationship between sports activities and social deviations. The most important questions which answered in this study are as follows: Do sports activities are effective on social deviations? What impacts Sports activities have on social deviance through social link and differential link? The research method is survey one and data collection instrument is questionnaire. In addition to formal credit, confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate the validity of the questionnaire, and the reliability was measured based on calculation Cronbach's alpha measure. The Sample of 400 young people ranging 15-29 years old which habited in Tabriz was selected primarily by cluster sampling technique and thereafter by simple random sampling technique by the help of survey and questionnaire procedures. owing to the fact that sports activities (independent variables) are apportioned to (regular, irregular, organized, non-organized individual and team varieties) and social deviations (dependent variable) are assorted to (vandalism, aggression, violence, drugs, alcoholism, and cultural-ethical deviances), statistical findings support the correlation of regular or irregular sports activities and their rate, team or individual sports. The rate of social association and devious friends with social deviances were confirmed but the correlation between organized and non-organized sports activities and social deviances and also between sports activities and social association as well as between irregular sports activities and devious friends were not confirmed.

With consideration of that the financial statements of famous and professional international football clubs are provided with the human resources accounting approach, it has been tried that with the study of presented research and financial statements to introduce the conventional approach and the ways of reporting by using this approach. By using this way, make the producers and users of Iranian football club's financial statements familiar with the merits and benefits of these financial reporting procedures. Another goal is to identify and explore the barriers to the implementation of these methods in preparing the financial statements of Iranian football clubs. Research Methodology is Descriptive-analytic and the type of survey is considered functional. After studying the survey’s literature and interviewing the experts and professors of accounting and local football clubs’ financial managers and managing directors, Items with lack of effective complete implementation were identified in Iran’s football clubs, Then, by using a common model of exploratory factor analysis, factors and effective measures, were identified and classified into three general categories: internal factors, micro external, macro-external. In the next step a structural equation model was designed based on three categories of aforementioned factors and criteria that affect on each of them and three hypotheses were perceived, which by using lisrel software in confirmatory factor analysis method, the designed model was analyzed and confirmed. by Using the Friedman test, each of the affecting factors and Criteria for the external macro, and micro external and internal factors, were also ranked respectively.

This paper is to explain the effect of Media Persuasion on youth's political socialization process. Therefore, based on the Path Analysis of Effective Factors in Media's Political Socialization Among Youths and the Theory of the V. Schramm in the form five Models- Model of Media's Political Persuasion, Model of Message’s Political Awareness, Model of Message’s Political Value, Model of Message’s Political Attitude, Model of Important’s Messages Political Selection- the Research Hypotheses Path is Considered. It is based on Surveys and Referring to Media's Political Messages Audience Among Youths. About 368 People of students of Islamic Azad University of Zanjan- using the Statistical Sample to Determine Sample Size Rules- were Selected Randomly and studied based on the Multi-Stage Cluster Sampling and Quota. Subsequently, using a questionnaire, the research Was conducted. The required data were collected and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Findings Based on the Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r) indicates that the Process of Political Crises in cyberspace, especially in the area of social networks, was high among male students (compared to female students). Also, High Political Awareness of Media's Political Messages and High Political Attitude to Media's Political Messages were seen among male ones. Meanwhile, there are not significant differences between the Male and Female Students of Media's Political Socialization, Media's Political Persuasion of Political Messages, Political Value of Political Messages, Political Selection of Important’s Political Messages. In the Case of Multiple Regression (R) and Path Analysis of Factors Affecting Media's Political Socialization, for Goodness of Fit of the Theoretical Model, Based on the Value of Beta (β); 64% of the Change in Media's Political Socialization of Political Messages (R2), Depends on the Increasing of Media's Political Persuasion of Political Messages (+.54), increasing of Political Awareness in follow of Political Messages (+.26), Depreciation of Political Value of Political Messages (-.17), Increasing of Political Selection of Important’s Political Messages (+.17) and Increasing of Political Attitude to Political Messages (+.10), Between the Female Students (-.16) Residing in Housing Impersonal (-.12) With High-Volume Sampling of Households (+.12) in the Islamic Azad University of Zanjan.

This research is to study the relationship between leisure time and happiness among youth of Marand city. Research method was survey and was conducted with a sample size consisting of 381 subjects among the (15-29 year old) youth in Marand. The data was collected using the questionnaires. According to the results, youth happiness was at average level. The results of the research showed that there was a significant positive correlation between Leisure Time, Active Leisure and Passive Leisure and the youth happiness. The youth happiness in terms their socio-economic status is a significant difference, but the difference with other demographic variables were not significant. Also there was no significant relationship between age and happiness. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that Active Leisure had greatest contribution in explaining the distribution of youth happiness. Based on the results of this research, Leisure Time has an effective role on youth happiness.

People show different interactions affected by the type of internalized socialization and type of their socialization affects on the lifestyle and different aspects of life. The most fundamental aspect of life style is body management. After the students were in the process of socialization, they make changes in terms of this aspect of their life consciously or unconsciously. The method of the research was descriptive and was done by a survey. Theoretically, the present study focused on scientific socialization and body management, and then theoretical model of the research was designed. Indicators to be surveyed for measure of scientific socialization are: Interactions and communications in areas of science, scientific interest and enjoyment of the environment, scientific success and scientific ethical values and principle. To measure body management, indicators like: tend to exercise, attention to the diet, doing cosmetic surgery, attention to health, coverage style and the self-assembly are applied. The current study is done among students of Tehran University, Statistical universe and samples are all ph. D. and MA. Students in four educational groups of humanities, basic sciences, technical and engineering and medical sciences, of which 256 individuals were chosen as sample by Cochran sampling. To gather the data, questionnaires were distributed among participants. When questionnaires were filled, statistical coefficients which are relevant to the variables, (pierson correlation coefficient tests and multivariate stepwise regression analysis) were analyzed by using Spss 17 software. The final results according to the results of hypothesis revealed that there is a significant and direct relationship between scientific socialization and body management.

Youths and adolesences are exposed to different role models. Having information about types of role models that youth and adolescences choose, helps to more understading about youth and adolescnces situation in the society.This research was conducted to investigate the perceived significant role models of adolescents (14-18years old) and youth (19-29 years old) to examine how much youths and adolescents are influenced by role models, and to figure out how these relate to contextual characteristics. Among different theoretical perspective, Bandura’s social-cognitive theory is the best theoretical base which is used in this reseach. Statistical population was adolescents and youths of Shiraz city. Sample size using Lin Table, with confident level of 95% and validity of 3%was 895of youths andadolescents which were randomly selected basedon cluster sampling procedure. A questionnaire consisted of a list of 26 categories of role models had been used. Factor analysis was conducted for the 26 categories which explained 60.72 % of overall variance. The rotated component matrix resulted in 5 categories. The results showed that youths and adolescents chose family members as their first role models. Scientific-literary role models, friends-relatives and acquaintances role models, social role models and artistic-athletic-fictional role models were next, respectively. Chronbach’salphafor role models were as follows: Social role models 0.90,artistic-athletic-fictional role models 0.84, Scientific-literary role models 0.86, family members 0.71, and relatives and acquaintances role models 0.49.The results also showed that the sample differences were observed by age groups, sex, mother and person’s education, family income,marital status, and father’s scoi-economic occupation status.

An aspect of social health relates to Individual dimension of social health which substantially considers human as a social organism. Derived theories of this domain related to quality of nature, fate and temperament of human; these theories have great differences and paradoxes to Islam perspective. Present study designed to investigate psychometric properties of individual dimension of social health questionnaire and also to evaluate individual dimension of social health in Tehran citizens.The present study is an applied and ex post facto research. 962 subjects were selected by systematic categorical randomized sampling and recruited data was analyzed by exploratory factor analysis.Chronbach’s alpha of the individual dimension of social health based on Islam education is 0.96, and the questionnaire account for 59 percent of variance of individual dimension of social health of the sample. Results of exploratory factor analysis indicate that individual dimension of social health consist of 2 principle factor: A) Components of divine intentions, faith, lack of grandeur, solving problems of social communications, humorness, visiting relatives, and marriage. b) Components of avoiding tendering of others, advising to benevolence and preventing inappropriate behaviors, and avoiding inferiority and blaming others. Results of the study show significant differences between the male, single and jobless subjects than their counterparts in respect to individual dimension of social health.Results indicate that there is difference between Islam expected perspective and present individual dimension of social health. Healthy patterns of life style consistent with Islam education is one of the primary preferences of health system in universal scientific plan of Iran. Thus, a necessary issue of health system in providing strategies and programs would be relate to social health concept based on Islam education.

This research is to clarify the teenage girl's behaviors of tendency toward delinquency through social factors in Kerman. To do so, the social control theory of Hirsch has been used in the theoretical framework of this research. The independent variants of this research are social network, education rate of parents and patterns of leisure. The dependent variant of this survey including 24 items in the form of the number of times willing to commit delinquency in their intimate friends and themselves has been evaluated. The method of this research is investigative and the statistical population is teenage high school girls in Kerman in 2014. The number of sample is 381 students and the data was collected through a questionnaire. The results of descriptive and inferential statistics obtained from the data using SPSS software show: A) A considerable amount of interest in delinquency behavior of teenage girls is seen. B) There is a direct and meaningful relation between the internet leisure, use of satelite, recreational leisure, modern music, sports leisure patterns of leisure and the girl's tendency toward delinquency. C) The pattern of social network, education rate of parents and Islamic leisure has a decreasing effect on the tendency toward delinquency. D) Performing the multiple regression analysis showed that only three models of leisure have effects on the intensity of the tendency toward delinquency and can clarify 23 percent of it. These three variants were: Changing patterns of internet leisure, Sightseeing and Recreational and use of satelite. Finally, social factor for example the education rate of parents, the lack of social ties in relations network of people and inexistence of correct social control in the leisure activities that lead the teenage girls to delinquency.