فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی ورزش و جوانان
پیاپی 34 (زمستان 1395)

The research is to recognize the priorities of development of sport law system in the country. Study population consisted of some experts including university professors, sport attorneys and the others who have articles or thesis about sport law took part in this research. Using snow-ball sampling method, 75 persons participated in the study. After approving the validity and reliability of questionnaire (α=0/95), descriptive statistics and factor analysis have been used. In the section of barriers, educational barriers, legal barriers and human resource barriers had the highest priorities respectively, and in the section of solutions, human resource solutions, educational solutions and legal solutions had the highest priorities respectively. It should be mentioned that the structural-managerial dimension hadn’t any role in variables and as a result, it hasn’t any significant effect on sport law development. Totally, based on the results, some suggestions offered for developing sport law in Iran.

The Polo is an ancient game and sport belonging to Iran and despite its long history, there is only little written and recorded information about its principles, rules, equipment and clothes. Based on this question that how to be changed the polo stick in the Safavid and Seljuk miniatures and what is the basis of these evolutions, this paper has gathered the previous related research works using the library, documental and internet resources and in the next stage, it has selected the case studies gathering the old texts and illustrated pages related to the polo game and refining them in terms of the validity of documents and containing the date .Finally, after collecting data, the differences and similarities between them have been analyzed. According to the results of this research, based on the findings of the Safavid and Seljuk poets that have been studied ,456 cases of ''čawgān'' , 30 cases of ''sawlajān'' and 3 cases of "tabtāb"(Polo without horses) found and based on the finding of the Safavid and Seljuk miniatures that have been studied, four forms of polo mallet has been similar to curved cane= “á” ,“L”, curved “T” ,“V”form (with an open angle) found. Finally, it seems that In the Safavid era compared with the Seljuk era, there is an evolution in the quality of polo stick in the passage of time, based on the relationship with the west and developments of science and technology. Based on this research in terms of purpose is functional and in terms of method is descriptive-analytical using the library technique has been carried out.

The study was to investigate the feasibility of successful sports teams of East Azerbaijan in the league and the championship competitions. The method of study was descriptive and causal-comparative and has been done survey way. The Statistical population included individuals specializing in different sports in the province that have points of presence in the league or country championship. The research sample consisted 155 people were selected from this population by sampling available and purposeful. For gathering the data, the researcher made questionnaires of "Effective Resource of Sports provincial Team's Success in the Competition championship and country League" was used. Face and content validity of the questionnaire was done based on Lushi model (1975) and content validity of the questionnaire was obtained (CVI = 0.89). Reliability was determined in a pilot study on 30 subjects’ sample (0.81) and the internal reliability for 0.84 total items. We used K-s test with assumptions of normal distribution, to compare variables from Binomial test and Kruskal-Wallis. SPSS software also was used for prioritization and determine the best factors to success of sport teams by TOPSIS method. The results showed that the average respondent comments was significant on the situation of human resources, management, financial, technology, financial, and socio-cultural facilities effect on the success of the provincial teams in the Championship and League Club. The TOPSIS results showed that sociocultural, managerial and material resources ranked first to third resource influences on the success of the provincial teams in the country Championship and human resources, financial, technology and facilities have fourth to seventh ranks. Thus, paying attention to the effective resources of teams and clubs provide success; consultation and cooperation of coaches, officials and athletes would achieve the success goals.

The present study examined the relationship between organizational intelligence and organizational effectiveness. Sample included between 384 managers of sport clubs in Tehran Province. Cluster sampling was used. To achieve the objectives of the research questions of interest questionnaire, productivity Albrecht organizational intelligence Golda Smith) were used. Feature individual questionnaire was constructed according to the research objectives. Data collected through descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, correlation coefficients, and structural equation modeling analysis was conducted. The results showed that: Average organizational intelligence in front of the subjects to 8/142 to 79/31 = SD of mean effectiveness is also equal to 13/70 with 68/54SD = was given the maximum score of organizational intelligence (175) and most of the effectiveness (110). The IQ scores indicating organizational and employee effectiveness is relatively good. The results indicated that the demographic characteristics of organizational intelligence, and there is no significant relation effectiveness. There is a positive relationship Between all the components of organizational intelligence (strategic vision, shared destiny, spirit, desire for change, unity and consensus, the application of pressure performance) and the managers of sport clubs of Tehran- the most relevant application of knowledge (r=66/0) and the least common destiny communication (r =52/0). The structural equation model was fit enough.

The purpose of the present research is to determine the casual relationship between visual sense and satisfaction and loyalty of swimming pools consumers in Tehran. The method of the present research is an applied one in terms of purpose, and it is a descriptive-correlational research in terms of data collection. The population of the research includes all males and females that have used swimming pools in Tehran in 2014, among which 385 individuals were selected as the sample. The questionnaire of visual senseprepared by the researcher, the questionnaire of satisfaction by Bitner and Hubbert (1994) and the questionnaire of loyalty by Liu (2008) were used in this research. For data analysis, inferential statistics was used. Partial Least Squares (PLS) path modeling was used to test the hypotheses and the model fit. Findings of the research showed that visual senseare significantly related to satisfaction (t=8/ 80 º p≤0/05) º and loyalty(t= 5/ 83 º p≤0/05)ºand finally, satisfaction is significantly related to the loyalty of consumers(t= 12/ 8 º p≤0/05). Therefore, according to the results, it is suggested that in addition to establishing intellectual bonds, the swimming pools also establish emotional bonds with customers and attract human senses through sensory experiences. This experience often includes the physical environment with the cues of light, color and decoration that have been demonstrated that strongly affect the consumers and their emotional responses.

Overtraining syndrome is a common cause of underperformance of athletes. Chronic fatigue, muscle ache, lost of coordination, weight loss, mood changes and immune suppression are the concomitant symptoms. Definite laboratory findings are not determined yet. Clinical experts usually prescribe rest complete or partial for overt rained athletes, but training modification, nutritional and psychological intervention are the other actions. Overtraining syndrome could be detrimental for any athlete, because it needs a relatively long period of time for management.
The assessment and treatment is a challenging process, and an over trained athlete maybe diagnosed too late. Accurate diagnosis needs differential diagnosis of the other related conditions.
Scientific literature review shows good evidence-base research in this respect. However, debates remain about the underlying mechanisms. In the future, we need more in-depth studies in the fields of diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation.

In the contemporary world, considering the ongoing developments in the field of human communications, the way international affairs are conducted have weaken the role of governments; and this new situation has brought about changes in common traditional diplomacy of past centuries. It is obvious that along with evolution of societies, new scenarios are applied in the field of diplomacy and international relations which need new priorities with adoption of modern methods and instruments; such as using the capacity of non-state entities particularly NGOs. In this context, a new dialogue with the subject of youth diplomacy as modern diplomacy has been established according to important roles which youths are playing in different countries especially in science centers and official entities of developed nations as work and thought force; development trend of NYGOs in global system with diverse programs including offshore welfare and humanitarian activities; development of the global network of active youths and expanding it into many young societies along with international expansion of humanitarian programs which are affecting the minds of different masses of people, even the governments and international organizations. This paper studies the role of youth diplomacy using NGOs in development of humanitarian discourse and promotion of welfare activities in global system. Accordingly, it seems that in the course of development, a mutual understanding among youths from all around the world who are concerned about wars, tribal disputes, AIDS, environment and other similar cases leads to creation of effective global network of youths which alongside the governments and by the use of unofficial instruments aims to achieve peace and put pressure on the governments which are promoting violence.

Gender is one of the most important social contexts of migration. Until recent decades, migration was considered mostly as a male phenomenon, whereas nowadays, women make up half of migration movements. The structural and attitudinal changes regarding the position of the women and their contributions in the social activities led to increasing economic-social expectations of young women and their intention to migration. Due to the increasing role of women in migration processes in Iran, and also research gaps in this area, this paper using 2011 micro-census data examine the young women’s educational and occupational migrations and the associated factors in Iran. During 2006 to 2011, about 5/5 million have been migrated in Iran that 48 percent of them were female. The results showed that about one fifth of the young women have migrated due to educational and occupational reasons. Multivariate analysis indicated being single, female head of household, internet use, university education, and economic participation, significantly are determinant factors on educational and Occupational Migration of Iranian Young Women. Thus, the increasing of academic education among the young women, social mobility and high tendency to participants in labor force led to increasing of female migration in the future.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship of the presence in the Face book social network, as one of the instruments for globalization, and commitment to family and religious values with cultural deviations of the youth in Tabriz City. The present study was conducted via a survey research method on the participants who were selected using the voluntary and convenience sampling method. The data were collected using an internet-based questionnaire relying on the Cultivation theory, cultural imperialism theory and Hirschi’s Social Bond theory. The research population consists of all young users of Face book in Tabriz in 2015. The sample size was as 400 participants. Findings of the research indicate that the degree of cultural deviations in the participants is at a moderate level. In addition, there is a significant correlation between ground variables (gender, marital status, employment, education, and socio-economic status) and cultural deviations. Moreover, there is a direct correlation between the degree of using Face book and considering its content realized in the cultural deviations of the participants, while a significant but reverse correlation is between commitment to religious and family values and cultural deviations. All in all, independent variables entering the regression model can explain 30% of the variations of the youth’s cultural deviations.

Social responsibility as an important process in each community contributes to the sustainable development of society and strengthening and growth but will not be possible to identify the factors responsible behavior. The present study to investigate the causes and socio-cultural social responsibility and its effective youth was conducted in Tehran. In order to achieve this goal through a various of factors and variables that responsibility affects young people influential young religious attitude, higher modernism, media, social trust is used as independent variables theoretical foundations of variables and parameters of the study opinions on Jameson, Bauman, Giddens, Durkym, Parsons, Bourdieu, Inglehart, Ztvmka, has been developed. In this study, significant independent variable dependent variable responsibility examined. Research, survey and data collection and questionnaire has validity and reliability is. Statistical society is about the population of young people (18 to 29) in Tehran. Multi – stage cluster sampling method used for statistical residence is Compiled, and a sample size of 384 results and the results of the software SPSS and Amos show that the five components of religious attitude and higher modernism and trust social and media and the socioeconomic status affect the responsibility. (Methods in regression analysis and structural equation modeling). Religiosity with the highest average value is 3. 45. Multiple regression analysis showed that the variables of social trust and cultural higher modernism and religious and the mass media and the socio-economic status have a significant relationship with the youth responsibility. The linear regression responsibility to explain the variance in rates of 35% and 65% depend on other factors.

This study focused on a sociological approach to the study of relationship between the use of virtual social networks and tendency of young people in Tehran city to moral deviations. In this study a survey method was used and the research technique was a questionnaire. The study population included all youth aged 15 to 29 in Tehran. Among them, 400 people were selected by Cochran and multi-stage cluster sampling. The required information was collected through oriented questionnaires and was processed by the software (spss & Lisrel). The results showed that Tehran's young people have a strong tendency to moral deviation. There is a significant relationship between the use of virtual social networks (independent variable) and a tendency to moral deviation (dependent variable) with dimensions of youth violence and aggression, the weakening of religious beliefs and expansion of intellectual doubts, normalization of relations between girls and boys, expansion vandalistic behavior, expansion of cohabitation rather than marriage. Furthermore, our path analysis indicated that in terms of the value of beta (β), a total of %48 of the changes in tendency of young people to moral deviations (R2=0/48), depends on the use of virtual social networks and demographic variables such as socioeconomic status, gender, age and level of education.

This article focuses on three issues. At first, it concentrates on marriage requirements from young people's point of view. Then, it emphasizes on strategies by which young people face with marriage. Furthermore, the article continues with researching on how young people percept marriage requirements and how young people make their decisions on marriage. In this qualitative inquiry information has been gathered through structured interviews. Interviews have been transcribed and changed to texts and then analyzed by thematic accounts. Sample consists of single and married men and women from different classes. Their ages are between 20 up to 40. Based on interviewees accounts marriage requirements are summarized in three categories which are materialistic, non-materialistic and social. These requirements are transformable and can change to each other. Although young people from different classes point to materialistic requirements, lower classes are more inclined to them. Sticking to non-materialistic requirements is seen more repeatedly in middle and upper classes. As a result marriage requirements for middle and upper classes are more subjective and for lower classes are more objective. In referring to marriage requirements women are more inclined to subjective or non-materialistic issues whilst men are more interested in objective or materialistic issues. Also for women, existence of a person who wants to marry her is the most important issue in marriage requirements. Yong people strategies in encountering marriage are rooted in two modes of marriage: un-predictable or all at once marriage and predictable or planned marriage.
Interviewee's accounts indicate that young people strategies in encountering marriage are under the influence of gender. In this stance marriage for women in comparison with men are more un-predictable. Therefore their strategies for encountering marriage are more flexible and even liquid. Supremacy of flexible procedures in marriage encountering strategies shows that young people benefit from both planned and casual or contingent arrangements. They have learned how to be flexible and how to mix planning and contingency. In this setting, indeed, class is the main determinant factor. Upon it upper classes emphasize on individual modes of decision making, consist of planning and making life guideline procedures, whereas lower classes rely on chance and luck. Findings indicate although young people accept their responsibility for marriage procedures, but they yet are under the influence of structural factors, like class and gender. This means young people face a paradoxical situation in which they cannot afford marriage procedures but without doubt they acknowledge their responsibility for those procedures. Based on sociological perspectives this situation is defined as an epistemological fallacy in late modernity. In this account although they do not have power to manage their marriages but they accept their responsibility for managing marriage procedures.