فصلنامه زیست شناسی تکوینی
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 26، بهار 1394)

Biosynthesis of nanoparticle offers a vast studied today. Plant extracts are eco-friendly and cost effective to synthesis nanoparticles. In present study, has been presented a simple biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles usingZataria multiflora leaf’s extract.
The aqua extract from Zataria multiflora leaf’sextract was prepared. This extract in different concentration with HAuCl4 solution was mixed. Synthesized nanoparticle investigated by the change of color of auric chloride, and growth of nanoparticle in different time andconcentration was monitored by using UV-Vis Spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to analyze the shape and size nanoparticles, Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy )EDS( analysis for evaluated present of gold element.
The colour of HAuCl4 solution change from yellow in color to ruby red, this confirmed that gold nanoparticle was fabricated. UV-visible spectroscopyshowed the absorbance peak of gold nanoparticles occur around 540 nm in Zataria multiflora leaf’sextract. TEM images of sample revealed that the nanoparticles were spherical, pantagon and shaped with no definite morphology. This nanoparticle were different from 1-50 nm in size. EDS analysis results showed absorption peak approximately at 2.30 keV due to presence of gold nanoparticles.
The results showed that gold nanoparticles canbe producedbyZataria multiflora leaf’sextract without usingenvironmentallyhazardouschemicalsunsuitable agent.

Although flowering plant species indicate similar developmental and morphogenetic process of pistil formation, heterogeneous structures are usually observed among subfamilies due to activation or repression of gene expression. In order to identify the genetic mechanisms of cell differentiation and organogenesis, study on evolvement stages of flower is required.
Rudbeckia hirta L. is an ornamental species belong to the Asteraceae family. Investigation on vegetative organs and reproductive development of pistil were the main objectives of this study. Along this line, different vegetative organs such as root, stem, leaf and petiole samples were collected, and were fixed in glycerin and ethanol. After sectioning with microtome and double staining by Methyl Blue-Carmen aluminize, samples were assessed by a light microscope and appropriate samples were photographed. Moreover, flowers were collected from Rudbeckia hirta L. buds in different steps of reproductive development, and then were fixed in FAA and sliced using a microtome. Staining was carried out with Eosin and Haematoxylin in order to close up by a light microscope.
It was observed that the primary and secondary structures of roots, stems, petioles, leaves and stem apical meristem have general similarity with the structure of other Asteraceae species. Results also revealed the changes in meristem sizes and increment of stain ability in reproductive meristem compared to vegetative meristem. In addition, the formation of floret primordium was indicated from the periphery to the center. During higher developed stages, each floret meristem begin to create new floret components from margin to the center as well. In reproductive development study, postil was demonstrated at located center with 2 carpels and a reversal ovule covered a layer. Ultimately, developmental evaluation of ovule and embryo sac was displayed based on the common pattern of dicotyledonous plants and other species of Asteraceae.

The genus of Ulmus L. (elm) belongs to the Ulmaceae family. Elm has 4 species in Iran (U. minor, U. glabra, U. boissieri& U. umbraculifera)that some of the are cultivated in different areas. These species are similar together and it is so hard to distinguish them from each other. Micromorphology characters could be useful for comparison such as taxa. Specimens of these species were collected, dried and pressed from different regions. The leaves and nuts of different species were prepared for scanning electronic microscope studying(freezing and then coating with a thin layer of gold). Characters of leaf and nut epidermal were analyzed using SPSS software and phenogram prepared. The results showed this species in point of views epidermal pattern of leaf and nut, structure of hair base and stomata density and hair density are different.

Amygdalus scoparia L. is an important species of the family Rosaceae with medicinal and antioxidant properties. Amygdalus is morphologically highly diverse such that their identification requires more than morphological characteristics. To reveal the stages of Amygdalus scoparia L embryogenesis, the different developmental stages of the generative organs was subjected to both cytological and histological examination. For both cytological and histological purposes, samples were first fixed, and sections were prepared using a microtome following rinsing, dehydration and saturation with paraffin. Sections were then stained by Hemotoxin-eosin and photographed under a camera equipped light microscope. Samples prepared from different developmental stages of the flowers revealed a complete form of the flowers with peripheral gynoecium Corolla was continuous consisting of 5 sepals, 5 petals and 10-40 stamens, while gynoecium with a superior ovary was of single chamber with a single carpel containing two anatrope eggs. Of which one is usually fertilized. Stages of the embryogenesis and the embryo sac development included: spherical, heart-shaped, torpedo, cotyledonous. It appears that embryogenesis and the embryo sac development in Amygdalus scoparia L. has a similar pattern as that of dicots and other members of the Rosaceae family.

Effect of oil contamination on reduction of the plant growth is one of most obvious responses of plants to oil pollution stress; in generally to say that plants in order in increase to their resistance against oil pollution stress have under age functional changes, anatomical changes and histological changes, these changes vary depending on the species. The purpose of this research is to examine the resistance of lathyrusstavius species and to show the vegetative to this plants stem during its exposure to oil pollution. In this survey, the effect of the light crude oil indifferent concentration (1.2.3.4) on the growth of this species at 2 month in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was investigated. After that, the morphological and anatomical studies and researches on species been fulfilled. Result showed that increasing oil pollution due to decreasing growth parameter was significantly (p≤0.05). Also in this survey we observed leaves, stem and root appearance changes and some changes epidermis, parenchyma and in vessels.

Portulaca oleracea in portulacaceae family is a yearling plant with 10-30cm height which is grown widly. Portulaca is used as food and medicine such as disease treatement, anti fever and anti septics. Today it is used in traditional medicine as an aromatic plant .the porpose of this research is the investigation of the effect of magnetic water in two treatments in comporison with tap water in anatomical properties of portulaca in vegetative organs. Using histology and applying height microscopy to descriptional studies were formative .the results shoed that these kind of irrigation increased the appearance of secondry structure and the number of vascular bundles in stem and the number of veins on leaf.