فصلنامه زیست شناسی تکوینی
سال هفتم شماره 3 (پیاپی 27، تابستان 1394)

The transition to flowering is an important step of plant life cycle. APETALA1 geneplays a role in promoting the floral transition and also determining flower meristem identity. This study aimed to conduct primers design, extraction, identification and sequencing of this gene in Brassica nigra. Total RNA was isolated from mature flowers of Brassica nigra and used for first-strand cDNA synthesis. The specific primers were designed based on nucleotide sequence alignment of AP1 homologus genes from other plants and used in RT-PCR. The RT-PCR product were purified and sequenced. The results indicated amplification of 618 nucleotides fragment that named BniAP1 and record in NCBI database. Deduce protein obtained from sequenced fragment of AP1 consists of 206 amino acids. Comparison of the deduce protein sequence with AP1 homologous proteins from other species showed 60% to 91% identity. According to these results, BniAP1 may play a similar role as AP1 in transition to floweringand could act as a flower meristem identity gene in Brassica nigra.

In this study the effects of excess nitrate in drinking water on liver cells of pregnancy mice were studied .
For this purpose in this research the effects of the Sodium Nitrate (doses 50, 450,900 mg ∕ liter in drinking water) during pregnancy of female mice were investigated and Blood from the left ventricle and liver tissue was studied histologically.
The One-Wey ANOVA and SPSS software were used to determine the statistical significance of differences between the values for the experimental and control groups and also Image J software were used to cell counter.
The results obtained showed a significant decrease in Weight of pregnant mice, increase ALT and AST enzymes, and also histological changes.
These observations indicate the toxicity of excess nitrates can make histological changes and tissue damages, and increased liver enzymes.

Low-intensity ultrasound is known as a physical elicitor with a variety of biological effects on living cells. However, little information is available on the use of ultrasound in order to enhance biological processes. The present study was undertaken to clarify the effects of Low-energy ultrasound on the cell growth and secondary metabolites biosynthesis in suspension-cultured Coryllus avellana cell. Taxol, an anticancer drug which is usually extracted from Taxus sp., has been isolated from Coryllus avellana cells as well. The cells were grown in a modified LS medium and were exposed to ultrasound at power density of 4 mW/ cm2 for 4 to 40 min. Sonication of the cells for 20 min remarkably increased the yields of three major taxanes, i.e., paclitaxel, 10-deacetyl baccatin, and baccatin III (up to 6.07, 2.76, and 1.7 mg/kg, respectively). Enhancement of phenylalanine ammonialyase was also observed in ultrasound-treated cells. The results showed that the applied ultrasound had no significant effect on cell growth but, interestingly resulted in the increase of taxol biosynthesis by the cells. According to the results elicitation of Coryllus avellana with ultrasound can be suggested as a successful strategy for increase of the production of desired secondary metabolites.

In recent decades, several researches have been done on plants in order to evaluate the expression of genes influenced by blue and red light. The aim of present study is analyzing the effects of blue and red light on the expression of CRY1 and HY5 genes in rape seedlings. These seedlings were placed in steady environmental conditions and then in blue light treatment (2, 4 or 8 hr) and in red light treatment (2, 4 or 8 hr) for 5 days, and the variation of hypocotyl length in various treatments was scrutinized and the expression level of CRY1 gene was analyzed by Semi-quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technique. Also, the amount of HY5 gene expression along with CRY1 gene expression was examined by Quantitative Real-time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) technique. Results of studying the effects of blue light treatment on control and treated plants showed that the blue light is capable to adjust expressing CRY1 gene and thus to control photomorphogenesis in rape (Brassica napus L.) plants, so that in an 8-hour treatment with blue light, we observed the highest level of CRY1 expression. Of course, the expression level of HY5 gene reached to its highest point, which resulted in maximum inhibition of hypocotyl elongation in this special group.

In recent decades, several researches have been done on plants in order to evaluate the expression of genes influenced by blue and red light. The aim of present study is analyzing the effects of blue and red light on the expression of CRY1 and HY5 genes in rape seedlings. These seedlings were placed in steady environmental conditions and then in blue light treatment (2, 4 or 8 hr) and in red light treatment (2, 4 or 8 hr) for 5 days, and the variation of hypocotyl length in various treatments was scrutinized and the expression level of CRY1 gene was analyzed by Semi-quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technique. Also, the amount of HY5 gene expression along with CRY1 gene expression was examined by Quantitative Real-time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) technique. Results of studying the effects of blue light treatment on control and treated plants showed that the blue light is capable to adjust expressing CRY1 gene and thus to control photomorphogenesis in rape (Brassica napus L.) plants, so that in an 8-hour treatment with blue light, we observed the highest level of CRY1 expression. Of course, the expression level of HY5 gene reached to its highest point, which resulted in maximum inhibition of hypocotyl elongation in this special group.

In vitro production of infection- free proliferation for increasing of production is one of the most important objectives in potato seed production. In current research, with the aim of micromicrotuber production, the effect of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid on micromicrotuber production of cultivars Santé we investigated. Single nodes of Sante were cultured on MS medium containing salicylic acid at 0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 micromolar and jasmonic acid at 0, 4, 8, 16 and 32 micromolar on micromicrotuberization of Sante was investigated. The experiment was designed based on complete randomized design. The results indicated that application of jasmonic acid induced micromicrotuberizatin in comparison to the control. But jasmonic acid has no effect on micromicrotuber size and wt. Salicylic acid at 2.5, 5 and 10 micromolar in comparison to 20 micromolar and control showed higher number of micromicrotubers. Salicylic acid has no effect on micromicrotuber wt. Furtheremore, it seems that the high concentration of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid inhibit microtuberization.

Alyssum homolocarpum L. common in traditional medicine of Iran. In this research, Antibacterial effects of Alyssum plants were evaluated against a number of bacteria gram-positive and gram-negative.
Extraction plant in the vegetative stage, pre-flowering and flowering with solvents water, ethanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and hexane by maceration method was performed.Concentration of 50 mg/ml extracts were prepared and evaluation of the antibacterial effects against strains of Staphylococcus aureus, stereptococcus Pneumonia , gram-positive bacteria and E.coli gram-negative bacteria was performed. Antimicrobial effects of aqueous and organic extracts of Alyssumat various developmental stages, first, The diffusion method was tested in Muller -Hinton agar medium and Then minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined.
The results showed that the extract prepared from pre-flowering stage¡More inhibitory effect than other aqueous and organic extracts growth of microorganisms is shown. The highest and lowest antimicrobial effect earlier stages of flowering and vegetative respectively. Aqueous extracts of the three stages of plant growth Alyssum had antimicrobial effects on gram-positive bacteria¡ but had little effect on gram-negative bacterium E. coli. Also, little MIC and MBC to extract pre-flowering stage, against gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (Respectively, 0/75 and 1/5 mg/ml) and most MIC and MBC for vegetative stage of acetonia extracts against gram-negative bacteria E. coli was obtained (Respectively, 55 and 110 mg/ml).