Anatomical Sciences Journal
Volume:11 Issue: 2, Spring 2014

Levofloxacin is one of the antibiotics with wide treatment application which is often applied for treating infections of genitourinary system and lower respiratory tract. Noting that most antibiotics can affect the structure of ovary tissue, we have launched research into the effect of Levofloxacin on hormone disorder resulting from tissue damage. In this survey, 40 Wistar rats with the weight of 20±25 gr and approximate age of 8 weeks were used. They were divided into 4 groups with 10 rats. The study groups were tube fed with 200, 500 and 750 mml of Levofloxacin for each kg of weight. The control group didn’t receive anything. Duration of the survey lasted 22 days. The rats were under 12 hours light-dark cycle, 24.7-26.4 temperature and 55-66% humidity. After the termination of this term, the blood sample was taken from their hearts and the serums were sent to clinical laboratory So as the level of hormone to be measured. Titration of level of LH, FSH, PROG hormones revealed that there was significant decrease of the level of hormone after consuming antibiotics in comparison with that of control group. Levofloxacin antibiotic is one of the factors which can destroy ovary tissue, and gives rise to hormone disorder. This point should be considered in case of administration of drugs.

Cisplatin is an anti-cancer drug used in chemotherapy. One of the limiting side effects of cisplatin is decreasing genital gland function, azoospermia and oligospermia. Tribulus terrestris (TT) has been used as an aphrodisiac. The present study amid to investigate the protective effect of TT hydroalcoholic extract against cisplatin-induced apoptisis on testis in mice. Male adult mice (n=30) were divided into control group and 4 experimental groups (n=6). Control group reicived saline, the first experimental group received cisplatin (5.5 mg/ kg) and other three experimental groups received cisplatin (5.5mg/kg) and different doses of hydroalcoholic extact of TT (100, 300 and 500 mg/kg/i.p) resepctively. Day after the last injection, histopathology and histomorphic analysis and also TUNEL assay on mice’s testis were performed. Weights of body and testis, seminiferous tubules diameter and apoptotic index were assessed. Data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Turkeys’ test. The results showed that cisplatin leaded to a reduction in the weight of body and testes, and increased apoptotic index significantly compared to the control group (P<0.001), while in treated groups with TT, the weights of body and testis and seminiferous tubules diameter were significantly higher compared with cisplatin group (P<0.001), but apoptotic index did not show significant differences. The study demonstrates that extract of TT could have protective effect on cisplatin- induced apoptosis of testis and seminiferous tubules diameter that may be related to the presence of antioxidant components acting via a multitude of central and peripheral mechanisms.

Anthropology is the science of body sizes evaluation in living people which is applied in both medical and non-medical professions. The main purpose of the study is the evaluation of foot growth from birth to the age of 10 in folk Fars girls of Birjand and to make an archive of the data and to study symmetry based on anthropometry and dermatoglyphy. In this study, the foot length and width, heel width, arch index and toes length have been evaluated by measuring tape and toes dermal patterns detected by inky foot print. It was carried out on 92 folk Fars girls aged from birth to 10 years old. The data evaluated by measuring of feet dimensions and dermatoglyphic traces such as toe''s ridge pattern and ridge line counting. Statistics results showed that foot dimensions growth occurred through ages and would be significant in special ages. This study didn''t show any asymmetry related to age in anthropometric and dermatoglyphic traits in right and left feet in the populations.

Skeletal staining is an important part of anatomical studies which can evaluate macroscopic disorders in bones and cartilages development. The aim of the present article is to illustrate two distinct protocols by all details in order to stain skeletal system of the lab animals in all ages of their lives so it becomes easy for future studies in this field. In this paper, staining method was based on sample’s ages. So, all the steps of double skeletal staining described in 2 protocols, one for embryos and newborns and another for adults. Fixing by ethanol, alcian blue staining, dehydration by ethanol, alizarin red staining, washing by potassium hydroxide and glycerol, storage in pure glycerol were the stages of embryos and newborns skeletal staining. Fixing by neutral formalin buffer, placing the samples in ddH2O, fixing again by ethanol, skinning and eviscerating, alcian blue staining, trypsin digestion, alizarin red staining, potassium hydroxide clearing, KOH and glycerol clearing and finally storing the samples in pure glycerol were the steps of adults staining. Outcomes of a good and reliable procedure for skeletal staining with alizarin red and alcian blue are the samples whose cartilages and bones are stained blue and red respectively. They are completely transparent so that the skeletal parts can be seen through them. It is shown that skeletal staining procedures differ in embryos and adults although in the most surveys were tried to use a same protocol in diferent ages of laboratory animals.

The existence of sexual dimorphism in human skeletons especially skull and its medico-legal importance had long been studied [3] [2,1]. This study has investigated the existence of sexual dimorphism in cranial dimensions of Nigerian population. A total of 100 adult dry skulls, (78 males, 22 females) free from damage and deformity fully ossified from Departments of Anatomy in Nigerian Universities were used for this study. Spreading calliper, measuring tape were used to measure the following parameters, bregma-lambda, lambda- inion, nasion-bregma, nasion-inion, basion-bregma. Graph pad prism version 5.0 was used to analyze the data, coefficient of variation, correlation, linear regression, percentiles, sexual dimorphism ratio were computed. Student‘s T-test was used to compare male-female and right-left measurements. The results indicate that the male parameters were higher than female parameters and statistically significant at P<0.05 in all. The length of Bregma-Lambda of male and female were 126.3 ± 0.85mm and 118.1±1.54 mm respectively. The length of lambda -inion of male and female were 71.31± 0.82mm and 60.01± 1.53 mm respectively. The length of nasion -bregma of male and female were 135.8± 1.16mm and 128.8.1± 3.17 mm respectively. The length of nasion-inion of male and female were 170.7± 0.93 mm and 157.5±1.34 mm respectively. The length of basion-bregma of male and female were 140 ±0.73 and 132 ±1.73 mm respectively. Sexual dimorphism ratio was greater than unity in all. The anthropometry of these cranial dimensions can be a guide in gender determination of unknown individuals and a guide to surgeons in face of surgical intervention.

Wistar rats are an outbred strain of albino rats belonging to the species Rattus norvegicus. Histopathological studies on the testis was carried out to determine the effects of heat and lead on male fertility by evaluating some andrological parameters of the wistar rat such as morphology of spermatozoa, sperm count and motility. The main objective of this research was to compare the deleterious effect of lead and heat on the male reproductive system of a wistar rat. Fifteen adult male rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: group A were the control group; group B were kept in hot environment above 42 degrees Celsius; and group C were administered 0.18mls of lead acetate solution per grams body weight once daily for 14 days. The gonadotoxins caused morphological alterations of sperm cells in this study including head, tail and middle defects which are indications of interference with maturation stage of spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules. The deleterious effect of the gonadotoxins on the seminiferous tubules is corroborated by histopathology which revealed degeneration of epithelium of the seminiferous tubules. The degree of sperm cell motility was significantly lowered in animals exposed to gonadotoxins compared to animals in the control group and also the sperm cell count was lowered (P<0.05) in animals exposed to gonadotoxins in comparison with animals in the control group, as a result of decline in the production of normal, viable sperm cells in the test animals. It was concluded that the gonadotoxins exert toxic effect on the seminiferous tubular epithelium with concomitant reduction in the reproductive abilities of the male rats and as such exposure to heat and therefore high level of lead should be avoided both in animal and man.

Three major arteries normally originate from the aortic arch. Variations of the aortic arch branches are observed in some cases. Rare variation of the aortic arch branches is originated from the retroesophageal right subclavian (RRS) artery as the last branch of the aortic arch. Variation of artery is possibly associated with the variation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. This research provides an in vivo report of retroesophageal right subclavian artery during examination of the cervical vessels using magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). It is very important to consider the variation of the right subclavian artery during head and neck surgery. Non-invasive techniques such as MRA of cervical arteries can be used in order to examine them.

Internal iliac artery (IIA) shows frequent variations in its branching pattern. We saw variations in the branching pattern of right IIA in a male cadaver. The IIA divided into anterior and posterior divisions. The branches of the anterior division included umbilical artery, inferior vesical artery, obturator artery. The other branches arose from posterior trunk such as iliolumbar, lateral sacral, internal pudendal, superior and inferior gluteal arteries. Knowledge of these variations might be useful for the radiologists and surgeons.