Anatomical Sciences Journal
Volume:12 Issue: 2, Spring 2015

There are differences in the pattern of the knee joint formation of the studied species. According to the small number of studies which focused chronologically on the avian knee histomorphogenetic events, its “morphogenetic pattern” is hard to be proposed. The present work was designed to identify the sequential events of the knee formation in the partridge embryo. Regarding to different incubation periods of the partridge and the chick embryos, it is interesting to know if sequential morphogenetic events of the knee joint formation of these two avian models will happen through corresponding days of incubation. In this study partridge (AlectorisChukar) embryos were used from day 5 to 23 of incubation. 5 &mum thick sections were obtained sagittally and frontally from the knee region. The slides were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE), green Trichrome Masson (TM) and Alsian Blue–Van Gieson’s (ABV) methods and studied by light microscope. In the knee development of partridge we determined three layered interzone formation, joint cavitation and other morphogenetic events of the knee structures of the partridge. According to comparison of present results and other similar studies, it seems that birds and mammals follow different timely and sequential pattern of the knee formation.

Although, the effect of direct intra-articular injection of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) on the repair of articular cartilage and the effect of Elaeagnus angustifolia extract on pain relief in patients with osteoarthritis have been investigated, no studies has been conducted to compare the effects of these two therapeutic methods on the mechanical properties of articular cartilage. In the present stuy, the effect of these two methods on the mechanical strength of knee articular cartilage in a model of rat osteoarthritis has been studied. In the present research, 48 mature, male Wistar rats were used. Animals were randomly divided into 6 groups of 8 as follows: control group (healthy animals), saline with mono-iodoacetate (MIA), MIA with Elaeagnus angustifolia extract, MIA with BMSCs, and MIA with a combination of Elaeagnus angustifolia extract and BMSCs. Osteoarthritis was induced by injection of 50 &muL solution of MIA in rats of groups 3 to 6. About 500 mg/kg Elaeagnus angustifolia extract was injected intraperitoneally daily for 4 weeks and nonautologous mesenchymal stem cells were injected into the knee joint on the 14th day. Stress-relaxation test was conducted applying 0.1 mm displacement at the rate of 5 mm/min for 1000 seconds. Then, the maximum initial force, instantaneous stiffness,equilibrium force, and equilibrium stiffness were calculated. Induction of osteoarthritis model decreased instantaneous stiffness, maximum initial force, and equilibrium stiffness as compared to the healthy group (P=0.05). Using Elaeagnus angustifolia extract and bone marrow stem cells increased instantaneous stiffness and equilibrium stiffness compared to MIA group, although this increase was statistically significant only in the BMSCs group (P=0.04 and P=0.026, respectively). In the BMSCs group, maximum initial force also significantly increased compared to MIA group (P=0.04). Apparently direct injection of BMSCs into the knee joint with osteoarthritis is more effective in increasing mechanical strength of the cartilage and improving the performance of the weight-bearing joint compared to using Elaeagnus angustifolia extract.

SOX9 is a transcriptional activator which is necessary for chondrogenesis. SOX6 are closely related to DNA-binding proteins that critically enhance its function. Therefore, to carry out the growth plate chondrocyte differentiation program, SOX9 and SOX6 collaborate genomewide. Chondrocyte differentiation is also known to be promoted by glucocorticoids through unknown molecular mechanisms. We investigated the effects of asynthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (DEX), on SOX9 gene expression in chondrocytes. SOX9 mRNA was expressed at high levels in these chondrocytes. Treatment with DEX resulted in enhancement of SOX9 mRNA expression. The DEX effect was dose dependent (0·5 nM and 1 nM). RT-PCR analysis revealed that DEX also enhanced the levels of SOX9 expression. It was observed that DEX had enhancing effect only on SOX9 the expression level was low for SOX6. It can thus be concluded that chondrocyte differentiation can be promoted by DEX via SOX9 enhancement.

Feathers are important body structures that act as surface insulators to reduce maintenance energy requirements and also to protect skin against abrasions and infection. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of methionine injection into the yolk sac on development of feather follicle in chicken embryo. 50 fertilized eggs (weighting 50±0.4 gr) of Ross×308 broiler chicks were randomly divided into five equal groups of 10 eggs each. On day 4 of incubation, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg of methionine dissolved in 0.5 ml of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was injected into the yolk sac of treatment groups 1 to 4, respectively. The control group was only injected with 0.5 ml of PBS. On the day 18 of incubation, the eggs were removed from the incubator and the embryos were killed humanely. Then, the samples were taken from the skin of thoracic region of each embryo for histometrical study. The results of this study indicated that the density of feather follicles increased significantly (P<0.05) in presence of 50 mg methionine. However, other methionine doses caused insignificant (P>0.05) increase in the number of feather follicles. A significant increase (P<0.05) was also observed in the feather follicle diameter when 40 and 50 mg of methionine were injected. Administration of 50 mg methionine in 0.5 ml PBS via yolk sac in day 4 of incubation increased both density and diameter of feather follicle in chicken embryo significantly.

The human anthropometric characteristics are surveyed in anthropology. Anthropology is used in archeology, rehabilitation and legal medicine. The purpose of this study was to determine femur which has a special place in the science of anthropometry. To measure the femur, both direct and indirect methods was used. The direct method of measuring the 113 femur in dissection hall. Samples included persons aged between 20-40 years who were selected randomly. In this descriptive and analytical study, cluster sampling method was used to select the subjects. For anthropometric measurements, metallic and plastic tape, goniometer, caliper were used. Different dimensions of the femur such as anteriorposterior and lateral diameter of the femoral head, anterior-posterior and lateral diameter of the body, the minimum length diameter of the neck, superficial longest and shortest femoral height were measured. The mean±SD of femoral length was 40.31 CM and 43.3 CM, in females and males respectively, this difference was significant (P<0.05). All dimensions were significantly different between male and female in direct and indirect method. Usage of anthropometric data in designing a product can reduce human errors and improve public health and qualification of products and efficiency of workplaces. In addition, by using a single bone such as femur, we can determine gender, age or the relationship between bone length and body weight. It is also helpful in forensics, biomedical engineering, ergonomics and surgery.

Cryopreservation of semen is routinely used in a variety of circumstances including before assisted reproduction treatments, pre- radiation or chemotherapy treatment and etc. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and Glutathione supplemented cryopreservation medium on sperm parameters and amount of DNA fragmentation during the freeze-thaw process. Semen samples were obtained from 60 donors. After the determination of basic parameters, groups of three sample with similar parameters were pooled and processed by Pure Sperm gradient centrifugation. The semen samples were then diluted with normal freezing medium (control) or a medium containing 5mM glutathione (test) and 0.5 mM BHT (test) stored in liquid nitrogen. Frozen cryovials were thawed individually for 20 seconds in a water bath (37 ˚C) for evaluation. Significant differences were observed in motility, viability and DNA fragmentation. Motility and viability were significantly higher in treated groups with 0.5 Mm in 5 min BHT than the control group and Glutathione 5mM (P<0.001). Significant differences were observed in motility, viability and DNA fragmentation. Motility and viability were significantly higher in treated groups with 0.5 Mm in 5 min BHT than the control group and Glutathione 5mM (P<0.001).

Variations in arterial anatomy are less frequent, contrary to the venous system, and most of these variations affect visceral arteries. Variations in the brachial artery are the most frequently reported and so far a minimum of six different patterns have been described. The most common of these patterns is the superficial brachial artery, which lies superficially to the median nerve. Much less prevalent is the high origin of the radial artery (brachioradial artery) or the existence of a doubled brachial artery (accessory brachial artery). The current study presents a pattern of brachial artery variation which was previously undescribed. During dissection of the right upper limb of a 50 year-old male embalmed cadaver, the bifurcation of the brachial artery in the proximal portion of the middle third of the arm was observed. In this case, the medial branch reaches the medial aspect of the arm, posterior to the median nerve. Afterwards, this medial branch redirects laterally and crosses the median nerve again, this time lying anterior to the nerve till it reaches the lateral aspect of the arm. At the elbow level, the medial branch originates from the radial artery. The lateral branch of the brachial artery remains lateral to the median nerve and continues as ulnar artery and originates from the interosseous artery. It was also observed that the left brachial artery was smaller in size, and bifurcated high in the arm into the superficial radial and ulnar arteries. It was also interesting to note that the common interosseous artery was originated from the left radial artery in the cubital fossa, which descended deep to pronator teres where it was divided into the anterior and posterior interosseous arteries. These variations are discussed comprehensively and compared with the previous reports. Also, it is asserted how clinically the findings are significant.

The thyrocervical trunk most commonly arises from the upper portion of the first segment of the subclavian artery, close to the medial edge of the scalenus anterior muscle and after short distance is divided to the inferior thyroid, transverse cervical, and suprascapular artery. This study reports important variations in branches of the thyrocervical trunk in a singular female cadaver. On the right side, no thyrocervical trunk was found. The two branches which normally originate from the thyrocervical trunk had a different origin. The superficial cervical, suprascapular and internal thoracic arteries arose from the common trunk artery. An awareness of this rare variation is important because this area is used for diagnostic and surgical procedures.