Anatomical Sciences Journal
Volume:14 Issue: 2, Spring 2017

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common joint diseases that is accompanied with cartilage loss and finally leads to joint destruction. The most common joint that is affected in OA is the knee joint. Knee joint OA may lead to significant illness.
The effect of excessive running load on the development of knee OA was investigated in rats. This study aimed to evaluate the same moderate running program on the knee cartilage thickness and its lesions in Wistar rats (both sexes with the same age and body weight). Thirty two male and female Wistar rats with no significant difference in their body weight were randomly divided into four equal groups with the same conditions. Eight of each sex was selected as control groups while running exercises were performed in remained 16 male and female rats for 6 weeks on a motor-driven treadmill for 60 minutes each day, 5 days per week. On day 43, all animals were killed and their knee joints were prepared for histomorphometrical study. The histopathological measures, including cartilage lesion thickness, cartilage thickness, maximum degeneration width, minimum degeneration width, degeneration height, cartilage lesion thickness to cartilage thickness ratio and also area of the degenerative parts were evaluated.
The severity of OA lesions was graded on a scale adopted from OARSI (Osteoarthritis Research Society International) histopathology instructions. Cartilage lesion thickness and degenerative area of the lesions in the female exercise group were significantly more than those in the male exercise group. Other assessment parameters in the female running exercise group differed from those in male exercise group, too (P>0.05).
Histopathological findings revealed mild and moderate OA in the male and female running rats, respectively.

The human stature forms part of his or her biological profile. It becomes more important during personal identification in case of mass disasters and in search of missing persons. We measured various parameters of the dried tibia, then by applying linear regression we formulated maximum tibia length which can be conveniently used for arriving at human stature.
The obtained data were analyzed by descriptive statistics methods and expressed as mean (SD). The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used to express the relationship between the Maximum Tibia Length (MTL) and other parameters of tibia. The linear regression analysis was performed and the regression equation was arrived for the prediction of MTL.
The mean (SD) score with respective Standard Errors of Estimate (SEE) for both right and left tibia were found, irrespective of the bone side. The mean maximum length of the right and left tibia were 37.50(3.03) cm and 37.05(3.12) cm, respectively. The mean maximum length of tibia, irrespective of side was calculated as 37.20(3.04) cm. The correlation coefficient between MTL and other tibial parameters were derived.
Estimation of maximum tibia length with regards to its measured anthropometric parameters in south Indian population can help in evaluating human stature even when a segment of tibia is available for measurement, which is population-specific.

Hedera helix is an evergreen plant used in treatment of wounds in the Iranian folk medicine. One of the main stages in wound healing process is, the proliferative phase in which fibroblasts proliferate within the wounds and produce extracellular matrix. Collagen is the main constituent of extracellular matrix. So the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Hedera helix alcoholic extract on dermal collagen bundles in wound healing process.
7 adult Oryctolagus Caniculus rabbits were enrolled in this experiment. Four wounds were created on each rabbit. Alcoholic extract of hedera helix dried leaves were prepared. Wounds were treated with eucerin, phenytoin, hedera helix 10% and 20% eucerin-based creams for 20 days. On day 21 (after the completion of the experiment), skin samples were taken and the collagen bundles in reticular and papillary layers of the dermis were evaluated histologically.
Histological assessment of dermal collagen bundles in the reticular layer showed that both 10% and 20% hedera helix creams, increased collagen bundle thickness significantly, compared to eucerin treated wounds (P Our results showed that hedera helix contains phytochemicals which may act on the proliferative phase of wound healing process.

Hypodontia is one of the most prevalent craniofacial anomalies worldwide. Malocclusion could be prevented, by early treatment of this anomaly. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of congenital missing tooth (hypodontia) in patients, referred to Orthodontic Department of Kerman Dental School, as well as other private Dental Care centers.
In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, 1883 orthodontic records from 2010-2015 were examined. Demographic characteristics and types of occlusion were obtained from the patients’ records. Data were collected from patients’ panoramic radiography, dental casts, lateral cephalography and, intra-oral photographies. Data was entered to our checklist. Exclusion criteria consisted of tooth loss due to decay or other factors, third molars and individuals under 10 years of age. The data were analyzed by the SPSS software (version 21) and statistical Chi-square test at 0.05 significance level.
Of all 1883 participants, 101(5.4%) had dental agenesis. Mandibular second premolar was the most common congenital missing teeth (42.44%), followed by upper lateral incisors (24.41%). Hypodontia in the posterior of mandible were higher than the other site of jaws, and this difference was significant. Gender, unilateral or bilateral hypodontia and type of occlusion difference were not found to be statistically significant.
The findings of the present study showed that the prevalence of hypodontia was within the range of which reported in the literature . Lower second premolar was recognized as the most common dental agenesis. Hypodontia requires an appropriate intervention to restore the esthetic and function of teeth and improve patient’s self-esteem.

Recognizing the arterial variations of human upper extremities is of potential clinical practice because this area is involved in arterial handling and invasive medical procedure. During dissection of the left upper limb of a 35-year-old male embalmed cadaver, we saw brachial artery bifurcation in the middle third of proximal portion of the arm. Its medial branch descended along the medial side of the arm, medial to the median nerve. This branch then redirected laterally after crossing with median nerve. In this part, it lied posterior to the nerve until reached the lateral aspect of the arm. At the elbow level, the medial branch continued as radial artery. The lateral branch of brachial artery remained lateral to the median nerve until reached the elbow. In this part, it continued as ulnar artery after crossed the median nerve anteriorly and descended as interosseous artery.

Learning skull radiography techniques is time consuming and difficult, due to the variety of these techniques. Each year, poor employee performance of the radiology unit, impose repetitive radiographs, and a heavy burden on the health system, as well as double exposure of patients and staff. According to the results of the current investigation, comparing student’s opinions revealed that the use of flash cards could facilitate and accelerate learning of radiographic techniques. Moreover, it is demonstrated that using flash cards could help maintain long-term radiographic techniques and are effective in the education process. This report highlights that the use of flash cards not only facilitates and accelerates the learning of the skull radiographic techniques, but also can reduce the repetitive radiographs, the costs imposed on the health system and double exposure of patients and staff.