نشریه علوم حرکتی و ورزش
پیاپی 16 (پاییز و زمستان 1389)

The purpose of the present study was to compare the priority of special objectives of physical education (P.E) and sport curriculum in primary, junior & high-schools. In this study 385 P.E. specialists’ 2610 P.E. teachers, 2983 students and 2533 parents were selected as subjects from 25 provinces of Iran. A questionnaire with high internal consistency of (r=0.71) was used to determine the priority of 5 major objectives (physical, skill, cognitive, emotional and social) of P.E. curriculum. Specialists and teachers in a selective way and parents and students in a simple random way were chosen as samples. The centers of study and research, and heads of P.E. departments in different provinces of country were selected to collecting parents & students. The interview was used to complete the questionnaire hierarchical, T, Kruscal -Vallis in level of P≤ 0.05. The results indicated that from the specialists, teachers and students’ point of views, a significant difference existed between mean ranks of all the specific objectives in three levels of academic schedules. However, from parents’ point of views, no significant difference existed between P.E. objectives in 3 academic levels (except emotional objective).The comparison of the objectives in primary level, indicated that emotional and social objectives from specialists point of view, skill and physical development objective from teacher point of view, cognitive and social objectives from student and parents point of view in high priority. The comparison of these objectives in junior high school showed that the health, physical development and emotional objectives from spcialists and teachers point of view were in high prioritise. However, the students and parents point of view in this level was similar to primary level. In high school level, the health & social development objectives from teachers & specialist point of view, and the emotional and social objectives from parents and students point of view were in high priorities (P≤ 0.05.). In this study, the low priority in health and skill development objectives from parents and studies point of view was critical and considerable.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between personality trait's and effective influence of faculty of physical education in the public universities of Iran. Statistical population includes 406 members and sample size was determined (204members) and 153 members (75 %) of them participated in this study. The research method was based on descriptive and correlation. the samples completed The Big Five Dimension of Personality (Costa & McCrae 1985), demographic questionnaire and effective influence questionnaire (piter & Arnold 1998). Data analysis includes descriptive statistics. Pearson Coefficient, Manova and Multi Regression. The results of descriptive statistics showed that: The rate of personality trait's as emotional stability extraversions introversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness were in average and higher than available norms. The mean of effective influence in all of index was very high. Hypothesis test result showed that: there were no significant difference between personality trait's and sex, age, married life, Scientific tendency and instructional experiences, but there was a significant difference between Scientific grade and personality traits. There was a significant relationship between instructional experiences and negative influence tactics. There was a fairly significant correlation between Personality trait's and effective Influence aspects and it was between Openness to experience and effectiveness influence.

The major goal of the present study was to examine and analyze the influence of social effects of sport places on the city of Isfahan. The method of this research was descriptive and statistical samples included the total number of 185 of the inhabitants, officials sport experts who were working and living there at that time. Whole sample answered to the researcher made questionnaire. Validity and reliability was proved and its reliability was 0/86 according to Cronbach alpha' test. The data has been analyzed in two different levels: descriptive and deductive statistics. People and officials believed that the social effects of stadiums on urban space were greater than the medium level. A significant difference was found between people's views and sport places officials in social effects of sport places on urban environment and officials thought these effects are more significant.

The purpose of this research was to study the relationship between managers’ leadership style and organizational climate of physical education offices in Isfahan province. The research methodological of this study is descriptive and correlation. Organizational climate (OC) and leadership style standard questionnaires were used as study instruments. All 57 managers of physical education offices in Isfahan were selected as a sample of this study. Result showed that there is significant relationship between managers’ leadership style and organizational climate. Also there is significant relationship between autocratic leadership style with closed organizational climate and between employee-centered leadership styles with opened organizational climate at the 0.01. Consequently, there are significant relationships between organizational climate dimensions (goals, roles, rewards, methods, relations) with leadership style.

One of the most important outcomes of the leadership is satisfaction (Bass, 2006). Using appropriate leadership style raises the level of satisfaction. The propose of this study was to determine relationship between transformational-transactional leadership styles of coaches in the Bas's model (1985) and athlete's satisfaction of Iranian Handball pro league. The coache's leadership style was measured by Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) and player's satisfaction was measured by athlete's satisfaction questionnaire (ASQ). These questionnaires distribute between 218 athletes after determining validity by confirmatory factor analysis and reliability by Alpha Cronbach coefficient (α=0/95 for MLQ, α=0/95 for ASQ). Descriptive statistics was used to data analysis and one variable regression and multi variable regression were used to prediction athlete's satisfaction from transformational-transactional leadership styles of coaches. The results show that transformational leadership with (ß = 0/66) and transactional leadership with (ß = 0/19) can predict athlete's satisfaction. From all component of transformational leadership, Idealized influence with (ß = 0/37) and Individual consideration with (ß = 0/21), and from all component of transactional leadership, Contingent reward with (ß = 0/41), and management by exception(active) with (ß = 0/10) can predict athlete's satisfaction. Also Laissez – Fair Leadership with (ß = -0/31) can predict athlete's satisfaction.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of home advantages in the Iranian Premier Football Leagues and compare it with famous football leagues from countries of five various continents of the world. So, the number of winnings and loosing at home matches of 25 countries from the five continents of the world including Asia, Europe, South America, Africa and Ocean (with USA), obtained via the web site of www.soccerway.com, were analyzed with independent sample t-test. The analysis of 18462 home matches from 3 recent leagues (2004- 2006) of different continents showed that the home advantage in Europe (55.56%), South America (55.18%) and Africa (57.33%) was more than Iran (54.12%) and in Ocean (53.74%) and Asia (51.31%) was less than Iran. However, the observed differences from all the continents, were not significant (p>0.05). In addition, this phenomenon has had the highest effect in Algeria (66.06%) and the lowest effect in Qatar (42.88%). This study showed that home advantage in the Iranian Football Premier League’s team performance can be as effective as the other parts of the worlds.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of short term of creatine supplementation on muscular strength and body composition in university athlete’s females. Twenty-four university athletes volunteers randomly assigned to three groups of creatine (Cr, n=8), placebo (P, n=8) and control(C, n=8) with no significant mean at pretest measures. After familiarization with testing procedures, pretrial measures of muscle function (5 repetitions 60 deg. s-1 and 50 repetitions 180 deg. s-1) were conducted during maximal voluntary concentric contraction of thepreferred quadriceps muscle using an isokinetic dynamometer. Body composition and thigh circumference were measured before and after 6 days. Cr group ingested 5 g of creatine monohydrate in a flavored sucrose drink four times per day for 6 day. Placebo group ingested a starched, sucrose drink and control group didn’t ingest any things. Results showed body mass, lean tissue mass, percent body fat and thigh circumference did not change for three groups between trials. Strength in knee flexors muscle (60 deg. s-1 and 180 deg. s-1), average power and total work in flexors and extensors muscle (60 deg. s-1) increased in Cr group compared to the other groups (p< 0.05). There were no significant changes between groups in extensors strength (60 deg. s-1 and 180 deg. s-1), average power and total work in flexors and extensors muscle (180 deg. s-1). We conclude that creatine monohydrate improves some index of muscle performance in women without significant gains in muscle volume or body weight.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of the elementary swimming training, oxidized LDL(ox-LDL) and lipid profile in hypertensive Postmenopausal women(age 50-65). For this purpose 34 Females(weigh=76/9±1/4 kg, vo2max = 32/86± 0/6 ml/kg/min, body fat = 28/5 ±1/3, height = 157/6±0/8 cm and BMI =28/9± 10/3 kg/m2)were voluntarily chosen and divided in to two groups randomly: control and training group. The Participations of the training group were asked not to take any medicine during the investigation time and for 5 out of all of them who had high and variable blood pressure were prescribed to take half of their routine medicine amount and then training group were exposed to the elementary swimming training for 8 weeks and 4 days per week. The programs of the elementary swimming training were composed of front crawl foot, back crawl foot and back crawl swimming which accompanied with 60-70 percent maximum heart rates. The programs was started with 50 minutes from the second week on, every week 2 minute were added to the time amount allocated for the elementary swimming practices. Data were analyzed using numerical test independent T. result shows that the elementary swimming training caused a significant decreased in the ox-LDL (p=0/003) and significant increased in Vo2max(p=0/001) while there were no significant difference in LDL-c(p=0/2) and HDLc(p=0/07).We conclude that elementary swimming training decrease the ox-LDL in hypertensive Postmenopausal women.

Due to the occurrence of cardiac or sudden death which has been reported after strenuous exercise, understanding the effect of cardiac pathophysiology during endurance exercise could prevent adverse outcomes. This study was under taken to determine the effect of endurance exercise on biochemical and hematological markers in elite kayakers. 10 male professional kayakers with average and standard deviation age of 22/5±3/2yr, weight 78/7±7/2 kg, and height 184± 4cm participated in this study. Participants kayaking 8000 meters with 75-80% HR for 60 minutes. Blood samples were taken before, immediately, and three hours after a prolonged endurance kayaking. Repeated measures independed applied after using T-test for statistical analysis. No athletics cTnT concentrations exceed the lower sensitivity limit (0/01ng/ml) of the assay. NT-proBNP levels significantly increased (24/05±9/6vs19/36±7/5pg/ml) (p<0/001), while no significand differences were seen at NT-proBNP levels immediately and three hours after exercise. Exercise-induced increase in NT-proBNP may response physiologic reaction under special conditions and seems to have no significant pathological affect on the athletes. The cTnT plasma levels were below0/01 ng/ml which indicated no evidence of myocardial damage.

Dehydration, a common practice among competitive athletes in sports including weight classes, has uncertain effects on performance and haemodynamic changes. This study examined the effects of dehydration followed by rehydration on performance and haemodynamic markers in the Greco-Romance wrestlers. Fourteen healthy wrestlers (mass 77/17±10/20 kg, age 18/14±2/59 yr, BMI 25/15±2/92 kg/m2, Vo2peak 38/67±3/96 ml/kg/min) randomly divided into control and dehydration groups. Dehydration group loss body weight (approximately 3-4 %) in dry sauna followed by rehydration (approximately 18 hours with water ad libitum). Blood sampling and urine specific gravity, echocardiography were measured to determine haemodynamic markers. The arm cranking ergometer (consisting of six minutes high intensity interval training) performed before, after, and 18 hours after sauna trials to determine performance and fatigue parameters. Vo2peak has measured in euhydration and rehydration trials. Plasma volume change has measured due to Dill & Costill procedure. Data was analyzed using two-way ANOVA and independent t-test at p<0/05 level. dehydration associated with increase Haemoglobin, Hematocrit, cardiac output, and ejection fraction. Dehydration resulting in decrease plasma volume, stroke volume, left ventricular end systolic and left ventricular end diastolic volume while, rehydration lead to return this parameters. Furthermore, plasma volume reduction was associated with decrease in performance (approximately 7%),While performance increased 1 % in control group, who experienced increase in plasma volume. The plasma volume, stroke volume, cardiac output, and ejection fraction levels were significance in the dehydration group compared with agematched controls. dehydration resulting in approximately 3-4% loss of body mass adversely affects performance and haemodynamic markers. Furthermore, the adverse affects of dehydration seem to be overcome by an 18-hour rest period and water consumption.

In the present study, some physiological as well as physical characteristics of elite male Iranian soccer players were compared with some elite soccer players from other selected countries. To do so, 23 adult elite Iranian players who took part in Iranian premier league (2006-2007) as well as participating in preparatory program were chosen in the study. Subjects were evaluated in terms of height, weight, body fat, body mass index, leg power, speed, flexibility, agility, anaerobic power, maximum aerobic power and the percentage of VO2max at anaerobic threshold. Statistical software SPSS and Statistical were used to calculate and analyze the data at 95% confidence interval for mean (α = 0.05). The descriptive statistics indicated that the body mass index of Iranian elite soccer players exceeded of those from Saudi Arabia, Hong Kong, Japan, Australia, Denmark, and England countries. It was also revealed that the leg power of Iranian elite soccer players was more than that of Australian and English elite soccer players and less than Danish ones. The results also showed that the agility test time for the Iranian elite soccer players was greater than that of Danish elite soccer players. The results also revealed that there is a significant difference between Iranian elite soccer players and those of the selected countries in terms of height, weight, body fat, maximum aerobic power, anaerobic power, VO2max percentage at anaerobic threshold, flexibility, and speed. Generally, physical and physiological characteristics of Iranian elite soccer players are not as desirable as those of elite foreign soccer players. Therefore, attempts should be made to eliminate such deficiencies.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of short intermittent hypoxia exposure (IHE) at rest on both anaerobic and aerobic performance and lactate accumulation in athletes men. Repeated short – term exposure to a sever degree of hypoxia (po2=%10), alternated with similar intervals of normoxia, are recommended for performance improvement in sports. Therefore weconducted a double – blind, placebo- controlled study to investigate the effects of this new method “normobaric hypoxia exposure at rest”. 16 professional player football indoor (Futsal) men completed 30 session in 5 week,. hypoxia group (n=8 vo2max/ weight = 50/75± 4/200, weight = 70/31± 5/34, age = 26/13 ± 4/15) and control group (n=8 vo2max/weight = 51/90± 2/98, weight = 70/05± 2/34, age = 22/25 ± 2/96) were exposed each day to breathing (through mouthpieces) either gas mixture (12% -10% po2)or compressed air (normoxia)) six times for 5 min followed by 5min of breathing room air for a total of six consecutive cycles. Befor and after the treatment; Bruce aerobic test and the RAST anaerobic test were performed to assess aerobic and anaerobic performance. Lactate was measurd before the test and five minute after end the RAST test. hypoxic treatment did not improve maximal oxygen uptake (vo2max/weight), mean power, maximum power (pmax), fatigue index or rest blood lactate and at five minute afterconcentration, but statistical analysis showed that, minimum power (pmin) have significant decrease in hypoxy group. (p< 0.05). the result of this study demonstrate that; 30 session of short term intermittent hypoxic exposure at rest cannot alter anaerobic and aerobic performance, specially in round robin game.

The present study examined whether the bimanual coordination drawing task with high spatial interference can be transferred to the new effector configuration in contra lateral or ipsilateral. In Exp1, for examining the inter manual transfer (contra lateral effector transfer), first subjects practiced the line- star task (i.e. left arm traced the line/ right arm traced the star) and then transferred this pattern to its symmetry partner (the star- linetask(i.e. the left arm traced the star/ the right arm traced the line). In Exp2, intra manual transfer (ipsi lateral effector transfer), from the shoulder- elbow joints to the wrist- finger joints and vice versa, was investigated. The results showed the positive inter and intra manual transfer, as the practiced patterns transferred across the unpractised effector systems. It is concluded that learning to spatially dissociate of the both limbs is transferable to different motor conditions. It is hypothesised that the nature of the representation of the spatial interference task is largely effector independent.

In most tasks, most of the loss of force occurs because of the changes within the muscle or central nervous system or both of them. It appears to be a relationship between altered neuromuscular control and muscle fatigue that defined as any reduction in the force generating capacity of the total neuromuscular system regardless of the force required in any given situation. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of aerobic and anaerobic functional fatigue protocols (AAFFP) on dynamic postural stability in nonelite young soccer players. Twelve healthy young male young soccer players who were playing in league one (Tehran) (age: 17.42 ± 0.51 y, weight: 67.65 ± 6.58 kg, height: 173.33 ± 3.09 cm) participated in this study. Before beginning the fatigue protocol, dynamic posture stability index (DPSI) evaluated following single leg jump-landing movement (athletic task that resulting injury) with sampling frequency of 200-HZ in 3 second recording. Stability indexes analysed in medial-lateral (MLSI), anterior-posterior (APSI) and vertical (VSI) direction. Immediately following fatigue, post testing was performed. The data was analyzed with descriptive statistic, multiple regression and analyses of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures (p < 0.05). ANOVA revealed significant differences when comparing aerobic and anaerobic functional fatigue protocols pre test and post test values for MLSI, APSI, VSI and DPSI. But, no significant differences were revealed when comparing the protocols for peak vertical ground reaction force and post test of aerobic fatigue in APSI. In attention to this fatigue protocols probably eccentric contraction of hamstring muscles during the late swing phase to control forward motion of the thigh and leg segments, is case of altering in hamstring quadriceps muscle strength rate and decrease in knee stability. Also it seems that, subjects because of deceleration the body‚s downward velocity for decrease the impact force, altered mechanical mechanism of landing skill whit increasing in lower extremity joint flexion. The result of this investigation suggests that aerobic and anaerobic functional fatigue protocols, especially aerobic fatigue have effect in dynamic postural stability. This matter can be used as one of the main factors in determining of injury mechanism (in jump-landing movement). Therefore, recommended that coaches, athletes and athletic trainers for prevention the injury result of fatigue, they pay attention to the potential risks of control postural reduction in effect of both fatigue.