نشریه علوم حرکتی و ورزش
پیاپی 9 (بهار و تابستان 1386)

The purpose of the present study was to determine effect of the continuous and intermittence aerobic training on the most sensitive of inflammatory marker the predictive of cardiovascular disease (high–sensitive C-reactive protein) in the obesity female wistar14848 rats (21.5 months). For this aim, 56 rats were prepared and were divided into seven groups. These groups include: pretest, midtest, posttest both control and continuous training and also intermittence training groups. The training protocol was performed 12 weeks, 5 day in week, with the defined speed and duration. The blood samples of the fasting were drawn in three phases including: the baseline level, after 6 and 12 weeks of training. HS-CRP was measured via Immunoturbidimetric assay. The data was analyzed via analysis of variance and repeated measure tests and the Post Hoc tests of Shepheh and Least significant difference (LSD). The results were showed: HS –CRP levels of continues and intermittence groups were decreased in significantly in the first six weeks (p=0/08 and 0/351) and decreased significantly after 12 weeks(p=0/000 and 0/003) However, the difference of hs–CRP in the control, continues and intermittence aerobic training groups after 6 and 12 weeks only weren’t significant between continues and intermittence aerobic training groups(p=0/936 and 0/427). In generally, on basis of these findings speaking the decline in this inflammatory marker after the continuous and intermittent aerobic training means attenuate in atherogenesis process. Both continues and intermittence aerobic training methods have the similar effects on hs- CRP.

Regular physical activity in every stage of life, particularly in the childhood and adolescence is vital. Needless to say, its positive effects on the physical, mental and psychological growth of child and adolescents are considerable. So, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of participation in summer season sport classes on some factors of physical and motor fitness, body composition and body image in adolescent girls. In order to do this research, three summer vocational centers in Tehran were selected. Among them 54 people (18 from each center) of the students of this center who hadn’t have a regular physical activity through the year and were only attending summer classes (volleyball and basketball), were selected via available samples form. In addition, 10 students who were only attending art and science classes were selected as the control group. Aerobic power, muscle endurance, flexibility, agility, body mass index and physical self-concept, before and after the classes were examined. The period lasted for 8 weeks and the training and science classes were hold three times a week. In order to compare within and between group data, independent t and dependent t test were used. Results of the research proved that the extent of the changes of the maximum oxygen consumption and muscle endurance was significant (p<0.05) both in the experimental and control group. On the other side, the extent of the changes of the flexibility and subscale of the physical self-concept, was only meaningful (p<0.05) in the experimental group. Also, the results showed that there is no significant between the extent of the changes of aerobic power, muscle endurance, flexibility, agility, body mass index, physical self-concept and subscale of the physical self-concept. Finally, according to the findings, it seems that the summer sport classes, with the current pattern in this centers, has no effect on factors of physical and motor fitness, body composition and body image.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of aerobic training and consumption of spirulina on the Vo2max and some selective markers of immunity system of trained men following an exhaustive workout. Forty trained male college students were randomly selected and then randomly assigned to four treatment groups including spirulina-exercise, placebo-exercise, spirulina, and placebo regiment. All subjects performed a fasting exhaustive workout program (Bruce Protocol) on treadmill prior to the start of the experiment. Blood samples were collected before and after the completion of this protocol in addition to obtaining their Vo2max. Then, the experimental groups participated in a 6-week aerobic running program of 30 minutes for 3 days a week. The spirulina group received a 500mg tablet while the placebo group received an identical tablets of placebo. Following the six weeks of the aerobic running programs, all groups participated in an exhaustive workout protocol similar to the one presented at the start of the experiment. Blood samples were collected prior to the start of the second stage and upon the completion of this exercise program. Selected blood components including CD4 +, CD8 +, NK, and the ratio of CD4 +/CD8 + were measured before and after the completion of the first and second part of the exhaustive workouts. Statistical analysis using one way ANOVA, LSD and dependent t was performed on data. The results of analysis showed that the aerobic running exercise plus spirulina consumption group each alone caused increase in Vo2max, aerobic running exercise plus spirulina consumption caused more increase in Vo2max comparing to the other groups (P<0.05). The amount of CD4 + and hemoglobin in aerobic running exercise plus spirulina consumption group was significantly. Different than the other groups (P=0.002). CD4 + in all groups did not differ significantly. NK increased in all groups significantly (P<0.05). The ratio of CD4 +/CD8 + in spirulina-exercise group was significantly lower than the spirulina and also the placebo group (P=0.002). It was concluded that consumption of spirulina in addition to participation in aerobic running program may increase Vo2max and immunity system’s markers.

Scientific proficient competitions of P.E. teachers are held in three periods annually. The purpose of this study was evaluation of this competition. The statistical population and sample of this study included all teachers from provinces of Ghom, Guilan, Markazi and Mazandaran; they attended the final stage of the nineteenth round of national competitions. The results indicate that all scientific tests were valid. The practical tests achieved the minimum threshold of validity. Five tests from six scientific tests have significant reliability. Difficulty coefficient of four tests from six scientific tests were desirable, but in practical tests accomplished with two methods, difficulty results were achieved. Discrimination and difficulty coefficient of scientific and practical tests were in undesirable range. As a result, if one carries out studying and reviewing in the stem and destructors of the scientific result, and in the practical tests the probable measurement faults are minimized, and in the whole, tests of improved competitions could be held.

This research is analyses of the effect of sport on stress of the personnel at the Azad universities of district 3of the country. The necessary data of this research has been garnered by means of two questionnaires entitled: personal stress (PSI) and personal features. The samples include 905 individuals from among the personnel. The results showed that, Athletic personnel's stress in physical, behavioral, cognitive and emotional responses was less than non- athletic. A distinguished difference is observed among those who exercised once, twice and thrice or more in a week. The more exercises, the lessened stress. So that In studying the stress of the personnel who exercised different times, by increasing duration in each session, stress showed decrease in personnel. But this difference was significant in personnel physical responses, between 15 and 90 minutes. The stress of those of those personnel who experienced more in athletic activities was less in physical, cognitive and emotional responses. Athlete Personnel's stress that had record of champion was more than those personnel having no record were, but there were insignificant differences in each. The results of this study showed that physical exercise and sport is useful and helpful way in stress management and reduces nervous pressure and should personnel and organization managers take more into account. But duration, intensity and repetition are important variables.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between psychological dimensions of empowerment and entrepreneurship in Physical Education Organization. The population of this study was the staff employees of Physical Education Organization that 169 employees were selected as a statistical sample through systematic sampling. For gathering data, Samadaghaei’s Entrepreneurship Questionnaire and Spreitzer’s Psychological Empowerment Questionnaire were used. The reliability coefficients of questionnaires were calculated by Alpha Cronbach coefficients that are 0/92 and 0/78 respectively. The results of analysis of data demonstrated that there was a significant relationship between psychological dimensions of empowerment (meaningfulness, competency, self-determining, impact and trust) and entrepreneurship (p<0/05). Moreover, the psychological factors of empowerment in this research were classified by Freedman test. The result showed that highest level was competency, the second level was selfdetermining, and third level was trust.

The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship among anthropometric indexes and somatotype in male student of Razi University. Statistical population in this research includes all the male students in educational year of 1382-83 have been studied taking. Took samples in method random sample which the number of the Samples have taken from 320 student and uedinesky list and y=a(logx) formula. Variables including: age, weight, height, Desired Target, Lean Body Mass, somatotype, BMI, %BF, WHR, WC. The data of this research was analyzed in two levels of descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage of average, deviation of standard) and in the level of inferential statistics (Pearson correlation test). There were a relationship between BMI and WHR(r=0/561), between BMI and WC(r=0/812), between WHR and WC(r=0/721), between BMI and %BF(r=0/704), between %BF and WC(r=0/793), between WHR and %BF(r=0/526). There was a strong relationship between Body Fat Mass and Endomorphy (r=0/884), but there was weak relationship between Lean Body Mass and mesomorphy (r= 0/200). The total results of this study demonstrated that WC may be a better indicator of abdominal fatness, and a predictor of abdominal obesity related risks than WHR. Mesomorphy no reflective Lean Body Mass.

The purpose of this study was to compare the situation of center of mass in basketball successful and unsuccessful jump shot from two distances 4/25 and 6/25 meters. Six right hand men of the best shooters present in the country’s basketball super league having average and standard deviation age of (23/33± 3/04 years), height of (189/67±2/21 cm) and weight of (84±5/58 kg), with 10±2/5 years experience playing in national team who played in point guard and forward position participated in this study. A marker is installed at %57 of the player’s height and 2 high speed kodak camera operating at 60 frames per second have been used for recording jump shot performance in distances of (4/25 m) and (6/25m). Information that gained, by use of 3DS max8 software was analyzed. Comparison between the mean of kinematics parameters of center of mass done by used of wilkxson test (p<0/05). Maximum mean of center of mass in 4/25 meter (s4) successful shot was 10cm more than unsuccessful(f4) shot and in 6/25 meter and in successful shot(s6) was 3 cm more than unsuccessful(f6) shot. Release of ball in(f4) and (s4) was happen 0/07 s after Maximum height of jump and in (f6) 0/02 s before maximum height of jump but in(s6) was synchronized with maximum height of jump. Total time from take-off to landing for 3 point shot was grater of 2 point (4/25 meter) shot. However in this distance ball released in lesser percent of jump height than 2 point shot. These findings are as same as Elliot et all. (1989) and did not show significant difference between successful and unsuccessful jump shot.