نشریه فرهنگ ایلام
پیاپی 42-43 (بهار و تابستان 1393)

The concept of citizenship rights is an amalgamation of citizenship duties and responsibilities. It is also an essential factor in the development of social wellbeing. This study aims at interpreting the citizenship rights among Eyvan citizens in Ilam province. The methodology of current study is qualitative and in order to collect data, sampling and deep interviews were used. The study was conducted on 50 persons of Eyvan citizens who were divided into various groups of school students, university students, employees, experts and workers and each group consisted of 10 persons. The results were recorded, transcribed and analyzed according to open, axial and optional coding. The findings indicate that the extent of awareness of citizenship rights is too low due to low social participation and confidence. Considering civil rights, the participants criticized the government and referred to nepotism and bribery as factors leading to breaking civil rights.

causes tending to violence for high school students by using discussed hypotheses, in area of sociology of social problems. In field of subject of the research, necessity of construction was felt and proved and since action for research was taken based on a series of scientific and practical goals; results show meeting and achieving both groups of goals. Based on this by studying literature and reviewing different researches in areas of social obliquities and problems, six suppositions were regulated, that their relations were evaluated with independent variable (tendency to violence). The independent variable includes four dimension of physical, emotional, sexual and verbal violence. Also, the present research followed this that showedthe suppositions of research suit to theoretical framework and gathered data and can state student violence. The research method is from type of scale researches and to gather data, a series of document studies and questionnaire tools was used. To evaluate justifiability, structure justifiability and Crownbach alpha coefficient were used to evaluate stability to approve competence of chosen tool. In structure justifiability of gathered data that led to achieving goals of the research, had coordination and adaptation with chosen theoretical framework, and credit of tool to gather data, i.e., total alpha for questionnaire was approved at the rate of 78 percent,too.

This article aims at studying the status of marriage and its squeeze in 1380s in Ilam province. Descriptive analysis method and secondary analysis have been utilized based on the data from the registrations organization and census of the entire country during 1385-1390. Findings of the indicators of marriage levels, divorce and the average of marriage in Ilam province in comparison of the entire country indicate a suitable status of marriage and squeeze. However, the analysis of the data of unmarried population in terms of sex and age groups in urban and rural areas showed that young people's delayed marriage and squeeze are two phenomena faced by the young population of Ilam province. Meanwhile, the squeezeof marriage for girls in rural areas of Ilam province is more severe. In general it can be concluded that fluctuations of martial fertility in the decades of 60 and 70 have affected marriage conditions.

Allah in Holy Quran (Qāf: 6 /Sabā: 9 / Āle 'emran: 190 / Yūnes: 6 / Jāsiyeh: 13, and so on) orders Muslims to ponder over the spheres and stars. Iranians have thought over them profoundly from past until present. Under the influence of this thought, sky and its manifestations have usually been subjects of interest to poets and great writers. Gholamreza Arkavazi (his birth is probably known between 1189 and 1184 Hegira) who is an Ilami great Kurdish poet, is among those Iranian deep thinkers. The reflection of opinions and astronomical thoughts is observable in his poems which show his undeniable mastery over subtle astronomical information. His dynamic thought would cause him to use this knowledge in the way of composing and presenting his poems and thoughts. In this paper, the library and analytical methods have been used for data collection. Among the celestial elements used in his poems the word “sky” has a greater prominence and distinction with various terms such as “Arsh, Falak, Samā, Čarx, Āseman”, and so on

This study aims at comparing the factors of physical fitness of the female students in junior high school with national norms in 2012. The samples of this study were 200 students of junior high schools from public and private schools who were selected in cluster random sampling method. Measured factors in the present study consist of: cardiovascular endurance with running test of 540 meters, abdominal muscle endurance with long meeting with modified bar fix test, agility with running test of 4×9, flexibility with trunk flexion test (sit & reach) which were compared with national average in 2012. To analyze the data, the researchers used descriptive statistic method, and to test the hypotheses they used inferential statistics method, Levine test (equality or inequality of data) and independent T– test (equality or in equality of averages). All levels of inferential statistics in significant level (p<0.05) was performed. The results show that there was no significant difference between physical fitness factors of female students of junior high schools in Ilam with national average in all levels and physical fitness factors in 3rd level was closer than first & second level to the national average. Thus, it can be concluded that female students in junior high schools are in a favorable situation of physical fitness.

Ilam city has passed the experience of urbanization rapidly and it has significant marginal structures. Most of the studies conducted in the past decades on the margins of the cities often had a male perspective. This paper examined the attitudes and social behaviors of marginalized women toward their urban living in Ilam city. This study has evaluated the attitude and behaviors of the marginalized women based on a sociological approach and impact of independent variables such as age, education, immigration status, marital satisfaction and dissatisfaction with life and social participation. Methodology of this survey is comparative and cross-sectional. Sample size estimation was carried out according to Morgan chart. In this survey quota-randomness approach is used and data collection was a questionnaire. This research shows that, earning money, finding better jobs and their children's education are among main reasons for migrating to the cities. Also, the main reason why these women are more attracted to pregnancy is the social respect in the pregnancy periods.

From time immemorial, man has been in contact with nature and its impacts affecting all aspects of human thought. It has an undeniable role in the literary and artistic works. Ilami poets are said to be related to the nature. They have lived in the lap of nature with high mountains and the effects of nature in their poetry have appeared in literary elements. The nature of the image is centered on four heavenly elements of the Earth, the four elements of time, the four elements and the form of metaphor, simile, metonymy, and irony in poetries of dozen poets of Ilam. These studies show that the Ilami poets are using such tools to express the nature of events and the events of social and romantic themes. Manifestation of nature elements in contemporary poetry of Ilam in the two forms of metaphor and simile is much more than that of metonymy and irony.

The present article is an attempt to investigate coherent changes and transitions in Iran and Iraq ties concerning Ilami Feili Kurds inhabiting in Iraq during Pahlavi era. It also discusses the role of Ilami Kurds in Iraq economy and employment opportunities. Moreover, it focuses on Ilami Kurd's influence and impact on the relations of two countries at the time of Pahlavi regime. The results of the study show that unemployment, economical problems, livelihood concerns, public poverty, abundant employment and prosperous economy as well as flourishing market in Iraq, the need for labor force in the neighbor country, fear of Pahlavi agents and soldiers lurking in borderlines in the early years of Reza Khan government and lastly adjacency and nearness of this region to Iran had been the most dominant factors and causes for the migration of Ilami Kurds to Iraq. It can be added that most of the time the support of Iran's government to Iranian emigrants to Iraq and boundary disputes caused darkness in Iran and Iraq relations.

The purpose of the present study is to obtain an analytical-descriptive knowledge of the narcotic outbreak throughout Ilam city. It tries to analyze the rate and prevalence of the narcotic outbreak and most significant narcotic used and its distribution in fourteen various parts of the city. The data collection of the addicts who have referred to the clinical centers and addiction abandon camps; have been done through the descriptive epidemiology method by the use of questionnaire based on check list and method of prey- reprey along with snowball sampling. Moreover, through the usage of statistical extra geometrical formula, the hidden population of addicts is calculated and the approximate real number of addicts in Ilam city is estimated. The overall findings of the research show that addiction in Ilam city is functioned as a male-chose, young-chose, single - chose, burgess-chose, illiterate-chose and middle class chose phenomenon. It has a continuous and progressive procedure and through the decades of 70s to 80s its development has been increased. The research also indicates that a kind of replacement of traditional use of narcotic (like opium) with the new industrial and kitchen narcotics (such as crack and glass) are going to happen. It is estimated that the addict population in Ilam city are about 7000 and the rate of addiction prevalence is about 5.1% for the population of above 15 years old.

Tourism is an income-making industry with proper economic cost effectiveness and gets more attention by establishing socio-cultural interactions among different nations because of not having environmental pollution. Natural attractions of every country play an important role in tourism. Nowadays, ecotourists are considered as tourists who visit natural sceneries without serious damage to the nature. In the context of geotourism development and geological tourism, Iran has many potentialities and one of the most significant places is Ilam province, located in west of Iran. The existence of green hills, mountain ranges, water caves, streams, Zagros Mountains, natural geyser, Siāhgāv twin lakes, Bahram Chūbin strait and many more sites, all are considered as geotourism potentialities and capabilities. Existence of special geomorphological phenomena along with social and historical attraction, tourism villages and other natural attractions evolved Ilam province into a very optimal and standard place to this kind of tourism (geotourism) in parallel to economic development. This research has presented a strategy to develop tourism and geotourism in Ilam province by means of descriptive-analytical method to determine internal factors (merits and demerits) and external factors (opportunities and threats) through using SWOT model. Experimental analysis of the considered region showed that if geotourism is intended to achieve sustainability and play a positive role in the life of local population, proper policies will are required to be revised in order to resolve limitations and utilize possible relative benefits.