نشریه کاوش نامه زبان و ادبیات فارسی
پیاپی 21 (پاییز و زمستان 1389)

Among the literary works, Shahnameh is considered as an epic work. This literary valuable work is a national asset and a symbol of the popular unconsciousness of the Iranian nation. Shahnameh can be studied from different aspects including linguistics, literature, sociology, mythology and narrative perspectives. It can also be investigated from psychoanalytic and psychological principles. Carl Gustav Gung a psychologist from Swiss whose views have many implications to study oriental literary works has proposed the concept of "Anima". It is an important issue in Gung's theory showing both the positive (effective) and negative (adverse) aspects of the human character. Lady lovers in Shahnameh are good examples of anima symbolizing the popular unconsciousness of the Iranian nation pictured in literature. Such characters have been presented in myth as well as epic.Soudabeh and Roudabeh are two important and effective lady lovers in Shahnameh one is positive and impressive and the other one is negative and destructive. This conflict shows that anima can be good and evil and this depends on consciousness and determination of man in his individual and social life.

Sanaei's Hadiqa is one of the most significant mystical and moral verses expressing educational subjects directly or within various anecdotes. Hadiqa includes religious and moral anecdotes which have been well grounded in mystical texts. The researcher tries to describe and explain Sanaei's method of narration. She also shows the relationship between the anecdotes and the texts and analyzes each of the elements of anecdotes including plan, plot, theme, characterization. The ways Sanaei looks at viewpoints, time and place in his narration are also explained by the researcher in the article.

The ontology of daemons refers to the study of daemons while their "Minou and Giti" (spirit and body) have been interwoven and they are visible, strong and giants. The nature of their existence comes from the ontology of Ohrmazd (the uncreated God of Zoroastrianism), Amesh Spenta (a class of divinity that is Ahuramazda's incarnation) and Izadan (minor divinities), because in Mazdaism, the daemons, just like Ahriman (the great archrebel in Zoroastrianism) do not have existence. However, in national epics they will find heir own structures and are similar to the existence of human beings. Every daemon will have a name, feature, and personal characteristics that are making him a special character, separate from other daemons or human being. It is better to say their demonology (black body, giant feature and animalistic face) are coming from Ahriman characteristics, human imagination about the spiritual realm of daemons, the nomadic giant-like people, and magical elements. They also have ability to have metamorphosis, to transform their figures, to be corporal and to get human or animal shapes.

Authorship Attribution, a branch of Forensic Linguistics, is concerned to attribute a text (from literary to forensic) to its author via criteria presented by each method. Since most of the work done on Persian authorship attribution rests primarily on stylistic & subjective considerations and objective criteria have not been considered, dispute over the attributed texts are observed. Hence, in the present essay, after reviewing the literature on authorship attribution, one of the current and most prevalent methods based on linguistic-statistical keys, by the name of Cusum Analysis, is firstly introduced and then using some contemporary Persian prose texts, the efficiency of the mentioned method in attributing Persian texts will be evaluated

Morphology in literature refers to the analysis and understanding of morphs (basic forms of the stories). Propp suggests that although there are different elements in fairy tales, some elements are constantly repeated throughout the story. He calls these recurrent elements "functions". In the studies of fairy tales, Propp enumerates thirty one different functions, depicting them in fairy tales. To testify the claim, the presence of some functions, as perceived by Propp, in the stories of the prophets and Quranic Commentaries can be referred to. The present study attempts to investigate these functions in "Tabbari" and "SurAbadis" interpretations.

The elements of Semiotics as an interdisciplinary study have been applied in interpreting the literary texts. The approach which has made use of the principles of Linguistics, sociology, psychology and literary criticism is a remarkable way to analyze the texts. Application of the semiotic's principles to study literature can offer a new way to look at the literary works. In the present study semiotics and its use in the analysis of the literary works is introduced. As a sample, Gheisar Aminpour's poem of "alephbaye dard" (the A, B, C, of pain) is analyzed respectively. In the same way, the aesthetic, text interrelationship, place and time, structure, syntax and the narrative elements of the poem are presented.

Description is a kind of expression to introduce outside world. In literature, descriptive rhetoric is used to present an objective image of human's experience of a stage, person or feeling by means of words. It is an outstanding issue in the contemporary poetry and Nima considered it as an important element in the expression of his viewpoint.This research aims at explaining the element of description in his Seriveily poems. In this article, different kinds of descriptions, oral techniques and application of such descriptions have been investigated. The results show that the description in this poem is more objective than to be subjective and oral techniques have more applications than poetic techniques. The application of description includes symbolic uses, aesthetic principles and exaggeration. Nima, in his poem, has been able to depict his poetic viewpoint by creating a harmonic prosaic, as well as giving a close observation, description and narration in poetry.

This article studies "Light" from three different viewpoints i.e. Quran and Traditions (Divine language), Illumination Wisdom (Language of philosophy) and Moulana Poems (mystic poems and literary language).In illumination wisdom, "the prime light" is considered as origin and source of existence, namely God's luminescence illuminates continuously, manifests Himself through his light, creates everything and grants life by His ray. Respectively light is one of the most important concepts in Islam and has been used in Holy Quran. Also Moulana under the influence of the concept of light, has used it abundantly in his poems. In this article an attempt has been made to study the concept of light from the three above-mentioned perspectives and to show their similarities and differences manifested in these sources.

Romanticism is one of the most significant literary schools in the world, which has not achieved a comprehensive definition yet due to its multidimensional nature. Researchers justify the formation of romantic uprising on many factors including triumph of self-belief and snobbish treatment of humanity, nature and society by the 17th and 18th century scientists, insecurities, destitute, extensive enslavement and manipulation of European people in the18th century, ethical corruption boring formalities…..In this regard empathy with nature, return to primitive era and childhood innocence, appreciation of rural life and denial of symbols of modern civilization, individuality, preference of emotion and imagination over wisdom…..are some of the most significant specifications of romantic uprising. Since our country has not experienced huge political, social, economic and cultural developments of the western world in its wide sense, principally some Iranian experts in literature believe that the application of such a label to Persian literature and poetry is superficial. Translation of European romantic works has been extremely influential in familiarizing Iranian poetry with all these branches of romanticism i.e., moderate, conventional, social, extreme and emotional approaches. The aim of this article is to focus on concepts which are a legacy of European romanticism.