نشریه کاوش نامه زبان و ادبیات فارسی
پیاپی 30 (بهار و تابستان 1394)

The Story of Rostam and Akvāne div''s battle is one of episodic tales of Shāhnāmeh. This story has been considered less important than other legends of Rostam in formal and folkloric Persian literature. However، the role of Akvāne div in Iranian stories is important and the relationship and cooperation of Akvān and Afrāsiyāb is one of indications of ancient tales. The forms of relationship between Akvān and Afrāsiyāb can be listed as: Afrāsiyābś magic learning from Akvān، putting Akvānś stone on Bižanś dungeon، Bižanś imprisonment in Akvānś well، putting stone on black hole by Akvān. suffering from Bižan by Akvān، the help of Akvān to Afrāsiyāb for kidnapping of Borzu and guarding of Barxiyās، Akvānś son، in Bižanś prison. Akvān probably has had more roles in story of Bižan and Maniže. In bardic and popular tales there have been names taken from Akvānś mother، brother and children especially his son، Barxiyās. In literary and narrative texts other demons with name of Akvān can be found.

The present study aims to investigate narcissism in odes by Khaghani. Narcissists are defined as individuals who exaggerate their abilities and essence in an unrealistic manner. They don’t care other people and don’t respect them; they need extreme admiration and believe that other people envy them. Such individuals have fantasies of unlimited success، power، brilliance and beauty. In the present paper، personality disorder and characteristics of narcissists are analyzed from the viewpoints of psychologists such as Horney، Kohat، and Otto F. Kernberg as well as Campbell. Origins of narcissism of Khaghani due to hardship of childhood because of his father’s abuse، poverty-stricken environment، low social class of parents، etc، were analyzed. The researchers showed such disorders in Khaghani''s characteristics of narcissists by instances of Khagani odes. These characteristics include exaggerated pride، boast of being unique، trying to change the world according to one’s will، a sense of competition with others seeking aggression and offensive behavior towards others، etc.

Characterization as one of the important elements in telling story exists in Shahnameh’s stories proportionate to the subject and according to the principles and techniques of modern storytelling. Effective processing of each character causes a deeper relationship between addressee and story، until the characters come out of the legendary and epic worlds and they get embodied in live and tangible images related to the real world toward the addressee. Thus the story of Siavash is a suitable area for presenting Ferdowi’s talent in the ways of storytelling. The present study attempts to analyze Ferdowsi’s capacity in characterization، the ways of introducing characters and characters'' actions and reactions. It also investigates characters’ responses in different situations which show us the deep perception of story. From psychoanalysis of characters we understand the introverted psyche of Siavash، paranoia of Kavoos and psychopathy of Garsivars. We can also mention the use of different types of defense mechanism such as mechanism of displacement by Rostam and Siavash، mechanism of regression and aggression by Garsivars and mechanism of compensation and projection by Soodabeh.

Studying the effects of geographical and environmental elements in literature is related to a newly emerged field in literary studies which has come to be called ecocriticism. The differences in geographical origins have caused the distinctions in the style and thought as well as literary approach of the writers. Color of locality in the rural stories of Amīn Faqīrī originates from his view towards the surrounding environment which gives an indigenous originality to his works. He is a famous writer in the field of eco-literature who is known in the contemporary Persian story literature as the writer of rural stories. In his stories، he has often reflected the conscious and unconscious impacts of the eco-elements on his thinking and writing through describing local opinions، rites and customs، ecosystem، climate، architecture style، vocabulary and language as well as vernacular words.

Shams essays are among the texts that provide a good scene to study how natural prose leads towards poem-type prose. In this regard، Blank verse for its development obtains more poetic sense from classic texts specifically from sophism books. This study tries to discover common relation and elements that exist between Shams essays and blank verse. Also this research makes an effort to discover and present features of modern blank verse like music in convergence with symbol، allegory and other poetic features، syntactic and semantic deviation in the use of paradox and personification. Our emphasis in the present study is on the use of these features in Shams essays.

Khwaja Shams al-Din Muhammad - Hafiz Shirazi – is one of the most famous poets of Persian literature. His artistic and aesthetic sense has achieved a certain degree of uniqueness. He is celebrated always in our literary circles or in general in the community of Persian language speakers since eight century (A. H.). Gaining this level of elegance is concerned with of his abilities in different fields such as: Language، thought، artistry، eloquence، the power of humor، a certain degree of ontology. For creating his works، he has employed many different artistic techniques which are due to his own capabilities in making use of different functions of language not used by other poets. As Structuralists say it can be claimed that the «resurrection of the words» has occurred in his poems One of his delicate tasks is the use of the element of Horismus that is superbly used in Holy Quran. Thorough the study of Hafez''s Divan in this article، an attempt has been made to demonstrate that his method of using this linguistic- Rhetoric style has a great impact on his language. It seems that he considers this method as a suitable way for explanation of his thought which seems to be unique to Hafez. In the present study، after quoting some of the definitions of Horismus and its role on the beauty of language، we will examine this style in poetry of Hafiz. Horismus methods are studied under three headings: 1. Horismus-made terms، 2. horismus in syntax، 3. Stress and emphasis. Through this rhetorical figure، major deep ideas are reviewed effectively. Hafiz has chosen the best rhetorical figure for illuminating concepts such as slyness، contentment، wit، paradox، etc and through this style he represent his own selected meanings by one of the most effective methods.