فصلنامه آزمایشگاه و تشخیص
پیاپی 27 (بهار 1394)

Among new managerial approach, usage of managerial quotient is very essential. Desired managerial quotient cause impromingorganizational productivity, performances and managerial skills. This systematic review article is aimed to introduce and explain and assess managerial quotient in heath care organizations, specially, clinical laboratories. With paying attention to this research aim, related key words were selected and used library references and several search engine for choosing the research references from 1985 to 2015 and 147 references were studied, and finally 83 of them were selected. The research finding showed that Iranian medical laboratories administrations had desired managerial quotient that had significant relationship with creativity, transformational leadership, managerial art, and morale consideration. Usage of hybrid managerial quotient in healthcare organizations is very important therefore it can be used for selection of the senior managers. Also, we suggest the managerial quotient is inserted in medical laboratory students curriculum planning and perform education training about this matter for Iranian clinical laboratory mangers.

Cell free DNAs (cfDNAs) are small fragments of genomic or mitochondrial DNA releasing from cells into the blood stream. The presence of cfDNA in the human circulatory system has been shown for the first time in 1948; however, the potential clinical applications of cfDNA remained unknown until recent progress in detection and quantification of these molecules by sensitive methods. In this paper, we will review the existing literature concerning the potential clinical applications of circulating cfDNA in prenatal diagnosis, detection and monitoring of tumors and other conditions, such as autoimmune disease, stroke, myocardial infarction and transplantation. In prenatal diagnosis, cfDNA technology is used for determination of fetal sex and fetal RhD status and for prenatal diagnosis of aneuploidies and monogenic disorders. In cancer the level of circulating tumor-derived cfDNA and its qualitative characteristics, including tumor specific gene mutations and epigenetic modification are correlated with the stage and grade of disease. Therefore, cfDNA can be used as a specific marker for detection and monitoring of tumors. In the field of organ transplantation, the presence of cfDNA from transplanted-organ in the circulation or urine of recipient patient could serve as a marker of transplant rejection. Finally, in stroke and myocardial infarction, quantification of cfDNAs is used as a marker of cell necrosis.

Moral development from psychological view focuses on emergence, change and understanding of morality from infancy through adulthood. Some psychologists including Piaget, Kohlberg, Gilligan and James Rest believe a cognitive basis for morality. Piaget found that young children were focused on authority mandates and with age they become autonomous and evaluate actions by independent principles of morality. Kohlberg expanded the concept of moral development and his studies revealed there are six stages in moral development. James rest later in 1986 proposed a four component model as: moral sensitivity –moral reasoning- moral motivation - moral character. Today various questionnaires and methods have been developed to evaluate some aspects of moral development in health care professionals. By using these methods and by analyzing the collected data one may decide to study on professional conducts or for specific interventions.

Due to the increasing development of educational methods, now needed to implement new training methods is remarkable. we discuss training in small groups (small group discussion) and lectures about the third year science student laboratory employed to study at Tehran University Faculty of Medicine to run. The present grade students were divided into two groups. Course materials provided to both groups was the same group about teaching as a form of speech was done, thus this method all the more relevant as desired by the professor lectures using slides and other teaching tools in class and help was limited in duration. For the second group teaching methods as small group discussion Jigsaw method was presented. The final step in both groups, the first group was trained to lecture and the second group under the Small group teaching methods Jigsaw manner were gathered in one place and test all students in school were related content. After the test, a questionnaire based on the amount of student learning and satisfaction, and includes several questions were distributed among students and they were asked to carefully study the questionnaire and complete. Test papers filled by students and were analyzed. In the final test scores between groups of students who lecture them were used for training and group students for small group discussion method of training was used, significant differences were observed. (P> 0.05) obtained by studying statistics the questionnaire, the questions relating to encourage them to participate in discussion with the instructor and other students and also encourage questions about study abroad, students in group discussions were little more than lecture groups responded to these questions. But questions about the ability to rate teachers in classroom management and compliance in the regular sequence of materials is presented in the lecture group students who were in these cases than the other groups were in favor. The scores of students in the two groups were not significantly different. That is maybe due to non-compliance with the appropriate content type of intervention and or insufficient number of students is under review. With the survey questionnaire, students were more satisfied with discussion group.

Human and animal infections caused by phaeoid fungi can be logically separated into 4 categories under the headings: Superficial, Cutaneous, Subcutaneous, and Systemic diseases. They have a broad spectrum of clinical features, ranging in severity from superficial and mild, to deep-seated and life threatening. Phaeohyphomycosis is a cosmopolitan disease. Patients are usually adults, and about half seem to be immunologically compromised with such associated underlying diseases as diabetes mellitus, tuberculosis, leprosy and leukemia. In this section we will discuss about some of these fungi producing large muriform conidia as well as fungi producing phialids. The former include Alternaria, Stemphylum, Pithomyces, Ulocladium, and Epicoccum species and the latter include Phialophora, and Phaeoacremonium. Also the organisms which produce sympodial conidiophores and small conidia will be discussed: Fonsecaea, Rhinocladiella, and Ramichloridium species.

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of nosocomial infections all around the world. MRSAs are usually present in health care centers and hospitals. Nowadays Methicillin-resistant MRSAs in two groups of Healthcare Associated MRSA (HA_MRSA) and Community Associated MRSA (CA_MRSA)were studied. Predisposing factors for HA_MRSA infections included hemodialysis, surgery, residence in a long-term care facility or hospitalization during the previous year, the presence of an indwelling catheter or a percutaneous device at the time of culture, or previous isolation of MRSA from the patient. All other MRSA infections in the absence of any risk factors for HA_MRSA were considered to be CA_MRSA. The skin and soft tissue infections, fasciitis necrotizing, Severe Sepsis, septic thrombophlebitis. are caused by CA_MRSA mainly in neonates, old people, Athletes, Household contacts of MRSA, SSTI patients, Emergency department patients, Urban undeserved communities, Detainees in prison, Cystic fibrosis patients, military personnel, Men who have sex with men, HIV patients, Veterinarians, livestock handlers, and pet owners, The respiratory CA_MRSA infections can cause fatal necrotizing pneumonia because of Panton- Valentine leukocidin (PVL) toxin PVL toxin was produced by a majority of CA_MRSA, while HA_MRSA rarely produce this toxin. This paper was discussed the pathogenesis, antibiotic resistance and antibiotic treatment of CA_MRSAs.