فصلنامه آزمایشگاه و تشخیص
پیاپی 30 (زمستان 1394)

According to the Lamarckism, some changes are occurred by environment on genes, then, acquired traits can be inherited. Today, epigenetic is the adjusted form of Lamarckism. Epigenetic points out to the expression of biological and characteristics factors in DNA. Based on the behavioral epigenetic, individual differences in personality and behavior can be resulted from fixation of acquired traits in genes. The aim of this study is to consider whether happiness and violence could be expressed in genes.
Temperature traits such as happiness and violence are polygenic traits. Inheritance of these traits could be attributed to epigenetic mechanisms. According to the existing evidence in behavioral epigenetic, happiness and violence are acquired traits that could be referred to genes expressions by changes in environment. Therefore, these genes can be fixed and expressed in other newborns.

Mycetoma, also reffered to as “Madura foot” or “Maduromycosis” is a chronic infection involving cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues that is characterized by draining sinuses that extrude masses of the infecting organism termed “granules”, “grains” or “sclerotia”. Mycetoma may be caused either by a fungus (eumycotic mycetoma) or by aerobic actinomycetes (actinomycotic mycetoma),only the former will be disscusedin this manuscript.
Although cases of eumycotic mycetoma have been reported in essentially a worldwide distribution, infection rates are highest in tropical and subtropicalcountries.Particularly high rates are reported from the Sudan, India,Pakistan, Somalia, and parts of South America. The organisms responsible for causing disease can vary dramatically from region to region.Infection results from traumatic inoculation of soil fungi into the skin, usually with a thorn or other foreign object. Approximately 70 percent of mycetoma cases involve the foot and 15 percent affect hands, but any part of the body can be involved, this distribution reflects the relative frequency of trauma at these anatomic sites.
Patients usually present for medical attention months to years after the inciting traumatic event. The clinical hallmarks of mycetoma are swelling, draining sinuses, and granules, which are microcolonies of the etiologic agent that are extruded through the sinuses. The primary lesion consists of a small nontender subcutaneous nodule, which may develop up to years after the inciting traumatic event. The lesion gradually enlarges, becomes softer, and ruptures to the surface forming sinus tracts, while at the same time also spreading to simultaneously involve deeper tissues. Al least several monthes required for the formation of sinus tracts in eumycotic mycetoma.
An appropriate therapeutic approach requires that mycetoma be distinguished from botryomycosis (an infection process that may be clinically similar, that is caused by certain species of bacteria) and pseudomycetoma, “an unusual form of dermatophyte infection. The differential diagnosis also may include sporotrichosis, chromoblastomycosis, and yaws, depending on the geographic location.

Broad applications of nanomaterials in the field of biology and medicine helped scientists to find a way to change many clinical and traditional diagnostic and prognostic methods. Cancer nanotechnology is a new area of medical nanobiotechnology research which has a great impact on detection and diagnosis of cancer. Prostate cancer is the third common cancer in Iran and Lipocalin-2 has an important role in cancer progression.
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with a diameter of ~35nm were prepared by citrate reduction of Gold (III) chloride hydrate (HAuCl4) based on the method introduced by Turkevich et al. Anti-Lipocalin2 were conjugated to gold nanoparticles to design a colorimetric biosensor for detection of Lipocalin2.
The color of the gold nanoparticle were changed from blue to red. This color shift is indicator of nanoparticles aggregation due to binding of Lipocalin2.
This colorimetric biosensor could be used as an accessible, rapid Lipocalin2 detection method in prostate cancer diagnosis.

Mitochondrial genome is a circular double-stranded DNA. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is replicated by the specific enzymes into the mitochondria and independent of nucleus. A cell contains thousands of copies of double-stranded DNA in the inner mitochondrial matrix. In the first stage of DNA replication requires a small RNA that has been produced with the mitochondrial RNA polymerase and can provide the necessary primers for DNA mitochondrial replication. Several methods have been proposed for replication such as an asynchronous strand displacement model, a strand-coupled bidirectional replication model and RITOLS model. This review paper is consider more models today as of mitochondrial DNA replication and proteins involved in replication of mitochondrial such as human DNA polymerase and the following of its subunites, DNA helicase mitochondria or Twinkle helicase, proteins bonded to the single-stranded DNA and base excision repair in mitochondria.

Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response to infection after the invasion of host microbial pathogens into the bloodstream that is followed by multiple organ dysfunction and immune suppression leading to susceptibility to nosocomial infections. Sepsis pathogenesis is complex and its mechanism is not yet fully clarified. In addition, the complexity of clinical protests, the development of antibiotic resistance and, ultimately, chronicity of the disease has led researchers to find new directions in this context. So, the search for sepsis biomarkers may be useful to identify patients, evaluate the response to treatment, differentiation of sepsis from local and even assist clinicians in differentiating patients with sepsis from non-infectious SIRS patients.
Search This study is a systematic review and data are collected from PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and EMBASE databases. Information are acquired by using 5 keywords (as: Biomarker, Diagnosis, Infectious Diseases, Sepsis, Treatment) from ultimately 40 articles of 1999 to 2015.
Findings and Although CRP is used as the most common biomarkers in the identification of sepsis, but other markers like Proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, proteins such as Procalcitonin, monocytes and lymphocytes surface markers, markers of immune paralysis phase as anti-inflammatory cytokines, HBP, PSP, can identify severe sepsis before organ dysfunction and reduce the mortality rate associated with severe sepsis.
Sepsis as the most important cause of death among critically ill patients in developed countries and is one of the main causes of mortality in hospitalized patients despite the availability of potentiated antibiotics and advanced medical treatments. This enables researchers to use biological markers clinically as diagnostic and preventive tools at intensive care to improve outcomes of their infection.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important bacteria in Hospital and community-acquired infections. Antibiotic resistance that is caused by this bacterium to be a major problem in health care. The purpose of this study was to determine vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration by E-test in Staphylococcus aureus isolated in two tertiary Hospitals in the city of Sanandaj. This study cross-sectional study was performed on 88 samples Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical specimens of patients admitted to Toohid and Besat Hospitals in Sanandaj city (April to March 2011). Strains identification was done by Microbiology standard methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by disk diffusion and vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration by E-test was performed. In this study 40 S. aureus strains from Toohid and 48 strains from Besat Hospitals was collected. Between 88 isolates of S. aureus, minimum inhibitory concentration ranges was varied of 0.19-1.5 milligrams per liter and according to standards were all strains were sensitive to vancomycin (minimum inhibitory concentration ≤ 2). In this study resistance strains to vancomycin not found. The results of this research can play an important role in resistance to vancomycin assess in the health care system in the Kurdistan province, as well as for the correct application of the antibiotic treatment of infections.