فصلنامه آزمایشگاه و تشخیص
پیاپی 38 (زمستان 1396)

Hemoglobinopathies and thalassemia syndromes are among the most common inherited mono genic disorders worldwide. Screening for carrier status is recommended for adult of reproductive age. In order to anticipate the out come in offsprings a colored table with Red (serious risk); Purple (less serious risk); Yellow (hidden risk) and White (no risk) color; shows the risk of severity of anemia in children in various conditions of inheritage with detail explanation.

Introduction and Medical laboratories require using new tools for intelligent monitoring of activities and identifying challenges with increased costs in the health sector and pressures to eliminate repetitive activities in hospitals and other educational and therapeutic centers. Problems of medical laboratories are the issues that managers, especially in educational hospitals are faced. The purpose of this paper is to design an efficient diagnostic dashboard for the medical laboratory.
This study was first collected by reviewing the key indices of this section and then by using two Delphi techniques in two stages, the indices were finalized and categorized in the panel of laboratory experts in a teaching hospital in Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The design and creation of a dashboard based on the data and indicators set in the laboratory section was loaded using the Qlick View software and the performance display of this section was provided.
Findings: According to the information obtained from the intelligence dashboards of effective intelligence in the hospital laboratory, the hospital income in 2017 was higher than the cost of the year 2015. Also, the highest number of tests is related to CBC and full urine tests in these 3 years.
The laboratory dashboard, with a focus on specific indicators, is a comprehensive guide for managers in this department to identify the number of experiments conducted, manage the number of tests, improve the quality of the services and the capacity of the tests and allocate resources and plan to promote this sector.

Onychia is an inflammation of the nail folds with formation of pus and shedding of the nail. Onychia results from the introduction of microscopic pathogens through small wounds. Paronychia is a nail disease that is often associated with bacterial or fungal infection of the hand or foot where the nail and skin meet at the side or the base of a finger or toenail. Acute paronychia is usually caused by bacteria such as Staphylococci, group A Streptococci, Escerichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and is often treated with antibiotics. Chronic paronychia is often caused by a yeast infection of the soft tissues around the nail. Risk factors include repeatedly washing hands and trauma to the cuticle such as may occur from bitting. Ingrown nail is another disorder, also known as “onychocryptosis” or “unguis incarnates”, is a painful condition of the toe. It occurs when a sharp corner or edge of the toenail digs into the skin at the end of or side of the toe. Onychomadesis is a periodic idiopathic shedding of the nails by the temporary arrest of the function of the nail matrix.

Nobel Prize of medicine and physiology has granted to detector scientists of biological clock in 2017 which shows the importance of this phenomenon in life of creations. All organisms like humans possess an inner biological clock which helps them in adaptation with regular rhythms of day and night. Circadian rhythms of human are inner rhythms with stretch about 24 hours which are directed by environment signs like lightness/darkness cycle. The main part of clock harmony of body circadian is located in suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in hypothalamus. Circadian clock system adjust many biological activities of humans. Recent advanced research, has drastically showed the role of genetic factors in circadian rhythmic system. The relationship between disorder in circadian rhythm and its genes has been reported with a many human diseases. Here, a brief explanation of relationship of this system with sleep disorder diseases, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and different kinds of cancers in human is represented.

Nowadays, the use of fertility treatments is the ideal choice for infertile couples. The success ration of these methods is correlated to the numerous factors including the overall healthiness of the ovule and the sperm. During both the natural and In vitro fertilization (IVF) processes, the possibility of the penetration of the unhealthy and immature sperm into the ovule is highly decreased, but in the microinjection method which is the direct injection of sperm into the cytoplasm of the ovule that barrier does not exist and therefore provoke serious concerns. Moreover, numerous studies about the damages of DNA indicate a significant correlation between the damage of sperm’s DNA and the failure in the formation of the blastocystis, the development of embryo and the successful pregnancy. Nowadays, as the accessibility of fertility technologies, diagnostic instruments and numerous methods to measure the amount of sperms’ DNA damages is increased, their applications are become widespread in the infertile male. Evidences showed that the role of sperm’s DNA damages in the failure of IVF and ICSI, but there is an informational gap about the consequences of those damages in the clinical point of view. There are several ways to measure DNA damage including COMET, sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD, HALLO) and sperm chromatin structure (SCSA, TANEL) which showing different characteristic of DNA damage. More studies should be designated to standardize the methods of assessing the sperm’s DNA damages and to reveal the exact role of those damages in the failure of IVF, ICSI and pregnancy. Due to the fact that some fertility treatments could resulted in pregnancy in spite of sperm defects, the analysis of seminal fluid as an indicator for the healthiness and fertility of the sperms is not adequate and more efficient factors should be implied.

Staphylococcus aureus is a dangerous pathogen that causes a variety of severe diseases. Among nosocomial pathogens, S. aureus is the most common and associated with high morbidity and mortality. The versatility of S. aureus as a pathogen stems from the fact that S. aureus strains possess a varying repertoire of virulence factors. Many S. aureus virulence factors can be described as toxins. Toxins are usually defined as poisonous substances molecules that increase the potential of a pathogen to cause disease in a broader sense. This review will give an overview over S. aureus toxins focusing of how leukotoxins work.