فصلنامه رفاه اجتماعی
پیاپی 20 (بهار 1385)

Inevitably, the needs for an equity in health care and treatment should be met in a society, depending on ethical theory. An ethical theory serves to identify a context and reasoning to determine what ought to be done, as opposed to mere positive analysis of what is the case. The methodology that implied in this research is a librarian method. It is based on documents and information that produced and accessible in this area from different resources. The purpose of this research is to offer a brief overview of major ethical theories in this field. These ethical theories are Ulitarianism, Cmunitarianism, and Entitlement. Theories that are described here attempt to provide as with a base of our understanding of the distribution of goods and services including important health care in a system of ethics.

There are many indexes for ranking the health status, therefore it is not a simple work to combine them and determine health degree's of each province, because not all of the indexes are based on equal unity and also too many of Indexes and special criteria for selection will affect research results dramatically. This research attempts to combine factor analysis and taxonomy analysis to omit linear correlation between variables, by using 35 indexes of access and efficiency of hygienic and treatment services, fertility, population, mortality, food security and nutrition to rank the provinces based on health status. The finding of this research point out that Tehran, Isfahan and Central proviences are in a good health status, while this condition is consideral at a little weak point for Ardebil, Golestan and Qom proviences and at a critical point for Khoozestan, Sistan and Baluchestan and Kohkiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad proviences.

Ordinary regression model is basically built for conditional mean to show the relationship between mean and some explanatory variables through a statistical model. Some assumptions like normality should be defined with an acceptable degree of confidence to correctly make inference from this type of model. If a measure other than mean is interested in or these assumptions are not satisfied due to outliers, this model will not be useful. However, quantile regression is robust to the outliers and is able to build a model for any quantiles (quartles, deciles and percentiles). In this paper the application of quantile regression is illustrated in the context of mental health data. In our study, quantile regression findings have shown different relationship of age to mental health for men and women whereas these could not be achieved by mean regression at all.

Today protection of inventions through industrial property rights and the system of registeration and giving inclusive rights to inventor have raised to an important scale in developing economy, trade and social welfare and health of the societies. This article deals with the relations of protection of industrial properties and registeration of such inventions and the right to humam health. In this regard international declarations and agreements have been reviewed and the existing methods and ways have been discussed perserving the system of registeration of inventions to provide rights of individuals to have the minimum health and medical standards. The most important treaty on protecting the intellectual property (Trade related aspects of Intellectual property abbriviately called TRIPS, which has been ratified in the Uruguay negotiations known as around Uruguay as the first annex of this negotiations which is the pre-requisite of accession to the world Trade organization) is recognized as authorized the protection of the inventions in the field of health and medicine.

This study revealed mental hospitals problems based on view point of their managers and analyzed etiology and its consequences. Delphi method, which is a mean of systematicall data collecting and refining information provided by a group of selected experts, was conducted. The majority of the problems in the mental hospitals were due to self- management procedure, lack of enough budget and irrational fees. In one hand mental patients and their families don’t have sufficient income to pay the expenses of these hospitals and on the other hand facilities for improvement of patients social, occupational and rehabilitation capabilities are inadequate. Coverage of insurance for mental patients is incomplete and lack of proper socio- economic supports due to negative attitudes toward them are a many other problems. There are no administrative structures for standardization of mental hospitals and most of the mental hospitals buildings are dilapiodated and without enough space for patients. Based on Complicated problems of mental hospitals and increasing needs of mental patients to health care and treatment services, it is the time to change the structure and budgetary of psychiatric centers in Iran.

This study was aimed to evaluate satisfaction of psychiatric patients and their families from mental health programs in rural centers in Sanandaj city. The study sample included 51 psychiatric patients and families who are under coverage of rurar health center. Data was collected through an administration of questionnaires. The collected data was analysed using the descriptive and nonparametric statistic. 47.6% psychiatric patients and their families reported satisfachion from mental health services delivery system. Also, 57.8% of them were satified from rural health centers personals and 57.1% of them were satisfied from the service delivery system in rural health center, 86.2% and 84.3% psychiatric patient were satisfied from receving mental health services financially and interms of spending time respectively. Finally, 64.8% psychiatric patients were not satisfied from therapeutic outcomes. The promotion of the quality of services delivery system, particulary psychiatric medications, refering and following up in rural health centers would increase the satisfaction of psychiatric patients and hence, this program should be more successful in respect of its purposes.

Employment Commitment reflects the degree to which a person wants to be engaged in paid employment. The aim of current study is to investigate interaction between employment commitment and employment status in affecting psychological distress. It was hypothesized that correlations between employment commitment and psychology distress are negative for employed respondents and positive for unemployed. School leavers, after first year in high school, participated in this study and responded to instruments in 3 years of their adult working lives. Research instruments have been General Health Questionnaire and Employment Commitment. Findings confirm this hypothesis that the employed and unemployed respondents show reliable differences in the form of the relationship between employment commitment and psychological distress.

Beck (1983) claimed that personality style of sociotropy and autonomy ia a vulnerable factor for depression that interacts with stress congruent with the same personality style. This study investigates the role of stress, sociotropy and autonomy in depression in a retrospective and case – control design. 156 major depressed patients were compared with 78 never depressed and normal people based on sex, age, life events, sociotropy and autonomy, congruent stresses. Results showed that depressed patients experienced significantly more stresses than normals. Also, sociotrop and autonomous patients had experienced significantly different stresses that were congruent with their personality style. Results supported the role of stress in depression and congruency hypothesis that Beck asserted.

The growing increase in criminal acts in human societies has made criminologists study the sources and causes of criminal behavior. This research was carried out as cross-sectional study on 136 male criminal inmates in Tehran prisons using SCL-90 -R. These people were in the age range of 30-37 with an average age of 33.6, about 87% of them had psychological disorders, among which aggression, anxiety, and somatization were the most abundant and OCD & phobia, the least (P<0.01). This investigation clearly shows that majority of the cases under study suffer from some of psychological disorders such as aggression, depression, paranoia etc. Although according to Islamic Criminal Law these psychological disorders do not result in a reduction in penalty responsibility, at the presence of mild psychological disorders, tendency to commit more severe crimes may increase.

The study was designed to assess the changes in supplying of illicit drugs during the first year after Bam earthquake on December 2003. This qualitative research was conducted in Bam and the village of Baghchamak. Focus group discussions, in-depth interviews and ethnographic observations were used. The sample included drug dependents, drug sellers, ordinary people, drug treatment providers and other key informants. The majority of respondents believed that opium purity has declined after the quake and its price with initial decrement has remained relatively similar to pre-quake level. They believed it still is easily available as it had been prior to the quake. The majority of respondents believed that the purity of heroin has also declined and its price and availability did not change significantly. The solid majority believed that the supply of hashish and alcohol has not been changed. Most respondents believed that the intensity of current drug law enforcement in Bam is similar to pre-quake time. Implementing a unified policy and planning for drug abuse prevention and treatment programmes are suggested. A more serious action against heroin trafficking is also recommended.

SST Index is an appropriate instrument to measure the poverty intensity. This index can measure the poverty intensity considering number of the poor people and depth of poverty and inequality among them and allows us to decompose poverty into three aspects: Is there an increase in the number of the poor? Atlas the poor become poorer? And is there higher inequality among the poor? In this paper through SST Index the poverty intensity in Iran during the years 2003 and 2004 has been calculated for urban and rural areas using the data obtained from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey conducted by the Statistical Center of Iran and considering the absolute poverty line of 2300 calories with the percentage of changes compared over the two years. Also, the portion of factors constituting SST Index over the said years is specified. In order to determine the statistical reliability of the estimations made, the confidence interval of the index has been calculated with the application of Bootstrap Method. The findings reveal that the poverty intensity in 2004 compared with that in 2003 increased up to 1.7 percent in urban areas and reduced to 1.8 percent in rural areas and the changes are significant at level of 90 percent confidence. In addition, the poverty intensity over these two years has been higher in urban areas than in rural areas.

This is a summary of an extended research on sociological study of drug addiction in Iran. The main focus of the study has been to identify and analyze the social correlates of drug addiction rate. It is a fact that drug addiction has been increased in Iran in the recent years. The research has been designed on the base of response to this question "what are the causes of drug addiction rate variations among provinces of Iran? " The research unit of analysis includes all provinces of Iran between 1368-1380 that have been studied and analyzed. The research method of study was longitudinal-comparative method, based on secondary data. Theoretically, the study has been based on structural functionalism approach. Path analysis results indicate that industrialization, anomie, availability of drugs, smuggler's activity variables are the most important variables for explanation of drug addiction in Iran, respectively.

One of the new world phenomena is Urbanization in under development or developing counties where the rate of urbanization changes has happened more rapidly than in developed areas. So the increase of urbanization in Iran has been high and one of the outcomes of this process is the emergence slums and extension of informal settlement. In urban studies, focus on marginal area is very important. It is clear that if any country ignores informal settlements, urban sustainable development will not be achieved. Our main methods in this investigation were field study, data collected through questionnaire prepared by researchers and validated on pilot study, we also used observation techniques and interviews with related mayors. Sample size was 500 inhabitants on Hamedan informal settlements. Hamedan as the capital of province encounters informal settlements like most Iranian big cities. Environmental and physical upgrading is the first priority of Hamedan informal settlements. Potenital of Social problems and crises are high, participation and social trusts dont show significant indicators. Finally informal settlements in the future will be the main challenges and obstacles against sustainable urban development.

The convergent orientation of recent Social theory is toward acknowledging the significance of realm of consumption and lifestyle practices instead of production and work in constituting Social identities. This shift in social base of identities can be justified in interrelated processes of modernity. The notion of Lifestyle and corresponding arguments and theories seekto offer a consistent interpretation of Social identity and cultural changes in the content of late modernity. We can conclude that in process of modernisation, particular forms of individualty have developed and have been focused upon and expressed through spheres of Social action - such as taste, manners and fashion which are conventionally taken to be the province of Lifestyle practices. These spheres of Social action have become increasingly important in describing Social Life as other forms of structural distinction have come to be seen less important. These hypothesis are studied through Delphi Method, on the mid-youth in the age range of 15 to 29. The basic and general question of this study is to elevatete the possiblity of explaining Lifestyles simmilarities and differences of Lifestyles can be the measure of new Social grouping that is to determine borders of social differentiation or identity from a critical review of litrature.