فصلنامه رفاه اجتماعی
پیاپی 22 (پاییز 1385)

This article investigates the relationship between crime and barbarism with sence safety. The hypotheses was built on Jacobs and Zukin’s theories, in this way: Barbarism has more effect on people feeling about safety and symbolic access and presence of people can increase the feeling of safety. The resaech is a testing theory one and Analysis is based on Kernel density and Chi-Square test in Cross tab. Sample size is 364 and the procedure of sampling is clustering, by 14 urban spaces as clusters. Findings & There is no strong relationship between crime, Barbarism and sence of safty But crime has effective role on presence of people in urban spaces. The results of research do not support Jacobs’s theory about the more importance role of barbarism, but they support Hiller’s theory about decreasing of safety by most high levels of activity and presence of people.

Target of this research is study of relation of between demographic and ecological factors with type of crimes that criminals do it. Statistical universe of research to be whole of arrested criminals of Shiraz city in 1382 and sample population is the whole criminals of eight crimes: 1-Homcide 2-abduction 3-armed thefts 4-forgery 5-fraud 6-usuraption of titles 7- purse 8-usual thefts (including: theft of lodging, retinues, automobile, motorcycle, pick pocketing, store and private and governmental places) that number of them have been 2653 persons. Method of research is the quantitative and used technic is documentary survey. Inverse questionnaire has used for collecting of data. SPSS and correlation coefficients related with ordinal and nominal and Interval levels have used for analysis of data. Finding & Analysis of relation between antecedent of penal, education and age did in two levels that there were significance relation between them in the nominal level but there were not significance relation between age and type of crime in the ordinal level. There were significance relation between population density and variables homicide, forgery, fraud, purse and usual thefts rates. But there were not significance relation between population density and variables abduction, armed thefts and usurpation of titles rates.

The diversity of theorical approaches to relationship between media and crime have revealed the fact that the influence of the media can be conceptualized both negatively and positively, depending on the perspective adopted. This article is an attempt to identify the indicators of "newsworthiness", to analyses the content of crime news, and to explore mutual interaction between crime news with the social structure in shaping criminal behavior. The method of this research is descriptive, and content analysis of media coverage of the crime has also been used for collecting date. Findings & While the possibility of a causal relationship between the media consumption and behavioral response is downplay by most media academics, it is accepted that those who work in the media, do have some degree of influence in terms of what potential stories they select and how they then organize them, defining or amplifying some issues over others. The news values illustrate that the news media do not cover systematicallt all forms of crime and victimization, and that they pander to the most voyeuristic desire of the audience by exaggerating and dramatizing relatively unusual crime, while ignoring the crime that are most likely to happen to the average person.

This paper presents and discusses the findings of a research project that has conducted by the authors. Here there is an attempt to study the fear of crime among women in the light of interdisciplinary theories. We focus on two words: women and public spaces. This is because women are considered as much vulnerable at public spaces. We used both quantative and qualitative methods of collection data. That is, FGDs and survey. Finding & Our main findings show that the fear of crime among almost 48 percent of respondents is high, 33 percent is middle and 19 percent low. Our tabulation tabals indicate that there is a statistically significant relationship between rate of fear and income, education, neighborhood, and satisfaction with police operations.

Married life like other matters and phenomenon has its own special damages and problems too that one of this main damages of married life is sexual unlawful relation ship. Among this, the subject that draws researcher's attention is what factors cause the tendency of married men and women to unlawful sexual relationship? This research is kind of measurmental or planning studying that the researcher pays in it to sociology and psychology features about what people think and do about unlawful relation ship and the relation ship between mental and social changeables.Finding & Finding represents this subject that the factors of sexual unsatis faction in married relation ship, feeling of revenge about unfaithful ness of wife and in like of various are effective in tendency of married men and women to sexual unlawful relation ship. The results in this research showed that the tendency of unlawful relation ship between men is more than women and it is the main factor in their tendency to unlawful relation ship, motivation of sexual tensions, unsatisfaction of moral relation ship inability in solving married encroachment.

Addiction is one of the basic problems that treat millions of people. This problem not only is individuals but also has been faced their family with many problems. The aim of this study was determine and comparative the violence experienced rate among addicted and non - addicted's wives. 107 addicted 's wives were selected by randomly sampling, and matched 107 persons of non- addicted 's wives, and then evaluated by researcherdeveloped questionnaire on the experienced violence. The reliability of the inventory using Cronbach Alpha was estimated. 78. For dertermine rate of social support used by Prosidano (1983) inventory.Finding & The analysis of t- test indicated that the significant difference between mean violence experienced among addicted and non- addicted 's wives (P<.01). The analysis of variance indicated significant difference between educated level and occupational status (P<.05). In non- addicted group the results of the hypotheses indicated that there was a significant relation between the rate of experinced violence and educated level (P<.5). There was negative correlation between the level of social support and violence experienced rate in nonaddicted group but that was not significant in addicted group (P<.05). This study indicated addicted's wives in comparative non - addicted's wives higher violence were experienced. Further, the people's wives who were non – occupational and low educated higher violence were experienced. In non - addicted's wives there were reverse relation between the rate of experinced violence and educated level, Where as, in addicted's wives with the level of social support.

This resarch considers the social and economical characteristics of streetwalker in Tehran in 2004. The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between social and economical characteristics and becoming streetwalker of women. The research Bulk of sample is 150 people, which is chosen by refering to a. Hajar of Crisis Intervention Center to tehran province (75 People) b. City surface and parks in Tehran in which 75 people are chosen. For the first case, the choise of bulk sample was complete, for the second one a random sampling was done with streetwalkers in city surface and parks during three month. The instrument for collecting in formation was questionnaire (involves 96 questions). The information was gathered by interviewing each of the samples. Findings & The relation between social characteristics, economical characteristics, observation of streetwalkers in city surface and becoming streetwalker (as dependable variable) was meaningful.

Family violence has enormous consequences and runaway is one of it's major results. Present study compares rates and types of family violence (parents or sibling violence on children, witnessing interparental violence) between runaway and non runaway children. samples includes of: 1) 12-18 years old runaway girls and 8-12 years old boys (street children) that were living in welfare organization centers and 2) 15 boys who were in elementary or guidance school and, 15 student girls who studied in guidance or high school. Two groups were controlled in age and gender factors. CTS scales were completed by participants. T test results indicated that there is statistically significant difference among runaway and no runaway children in parent's physical and Psychological violence experience. In addition, results revealed that runaway children witnessed more interparental violence. There wasn’t significant difference among runaway and no runaway children in sibling abuse item. High rates of parent's physical and psychological violence toward their children may be one of the most important causes of children's runaway. In addition, high prevalence of witnessing interparental violence revealed that runaway children's home was very stressful.

The primary purpose of present research was to determine which social components influence social deviance. A self-report questionnaire designed to assess factors which influence on social deviance was administrated to 60 male and 60 female. We selected our sample by using stratified random sampling from Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation (IKRF) university students who had attended at Samen-ol-A`emme camp in summer holidays in Mashhad. As follow, we conduct an exploratory factor analysis. Additionally, we compare our explored factors with other authors. Factor analysis of research – made scale (S.D.) yielded evidence for 4 factors which 89.89% of total variance was explained by them. We find four factors, including, a: Family and per cohort, b: parent-external control, c: economic status and d: educational-cultural factors which respectively, 24.05%, 22.21%, 22.16% and 21.47% of total variance was explored by them. At the results, socio-cultural variations in attribution of social deviance are discussed, suggestion for direction in future research and cultural politymakers on the attribution of social deviance are offered.

The purpose of the present research has been to determine the role of religiosity in preventing juvenile delinquency (robbery) in Tehran on the basis of religiosity perspective theoretical and social integration, and the aim has been to provide the sociological analysis of religiosity as solution for confronting to juvenile delinquency. The research method is survey and a kind of causal- comparative. In tense of time, it is cross- sectional and in tense of intensive it is a kind of extensive the data, and have been collected through questionnaire. Finding & The results of this study shows that there is a significiant difference between religiousity and delinquency rate of typical(non delinquent) and confined (delinquent) juvenile group in significance of % 95. The theoretical finding of the research showed that although it is possible to describe the seperated and direct relalation between each one of independent variables (religious aspect) and the dependent variable (the rate of delinquency), based on religiousity and social integration theories, but the result of multi variable analysis shows, only consequentive aspect of religiousituy has a direct effect on delinquency and it proved to have the greatest share in explaining the preventing juvenile delinquency.

The theory of good governance is a new paradigm in economic development which has been considered by the mid of 1990s¡ The experience of transition economies in Eastern Europe and former Soviet :::::union::::: as well as financial crisis in the world economy during two recent decades make clear the necessity of a new paradigm for development policy. After reviewing these experiences¡ this article focuses on the difference between good governance and structural adjustment policy.
This research attempts to review the literature of good governance theories and presents the evolution of economic development paradigm.
Finding & The political and economic competition and accountability are main strategies for improving governance. A better governance demands social and economic as well as local and national polices which discussed in this article.