فصلنامه رفاه اجتماعی
پیاپی 23 (زمستان 1385)

This paper introduces the concept and main ideas presented by scholars concerning social capital. This paper only intends to serve as a platform based upon which discussions about key concepts, core elements, and current debates surrounding social capital may be presented. Moreover, it should be viwed as an attempt at introducing the ways in which. Conceptualization of social capital has been carried out. Findings & The main premise of social capital is the fact that social relationships of various nature should be regarded as valuable assets that can be used for material gains and other benefits. The paper also shows that social capital far from being clear, well defined or understood, has been used in so many ways leading to confusion with negative consequences. This justifies a review of various attempts at conceptualization of social capital. At the end issues such as determinants, sources, benefits and dimensions of social capital however briefly are reviewed.

Most researches carried out in the field of Social Capital have weighed each of the variables of social capital with various measuring models (especially trust and social networks) neglecting the inter relation of the forming variable and consequently, have introduced the degree of each of the forming variables as the total measure of Social Capital itself. In this paper, effort has been put into describing the current measuring methods and outlining the criticisms applied to each of them. The main focus of the article is on the assessment of the synergic interaction among the forming variables of social capital as a totality. Therefore, correlation of forming variables is the research method used. With regard to the complex relationship between the forming variables of social capital, complexity has been used as the major appropriate model. In this models with a functional definition basis and statement of the reciprocal and non-reduction relation between the variables, social capital has formed a complex function. Thus, estimating the phase space of each variable of the social capital and solving the partial differentiation equations system are introduced as the useful and efficient tools of evaluating Social Capital function. Resault: Exploiting the complexity mathematics is suggested to be the suitable method for measuring Social Capital.

We will try to put the theory of social capital under an experimental test as the dominant fact in society and also ask the question: is this theoretical approach able to explain the existing fact in the field of social participation in Iran or not? The analyzing method is a combination of library and field method, which in field study, citizen’s population of ages 15 to the upper, inhibited in Tehran were examined with the use of Kokeran formula, and 653 samples were selected among them. The data collected and analyzed with the use of questionnaire and with SPSS software and the use of descriptive and inferential statistical methods. social participation as one of the component of social capital, in ultimate analyze, is favorable in micro level but because of unsuitable fields in macro level, such as centralization, pessimism about the government’s functions and…, we can not expect the formation of social participation among people. we can not see reliability between citizens and the government’s system, and this point, caused the objective aspect of social capital not to form, social interaction, and finally social participation as one component of social participation, won’t be accomplished.

This study is to analyze which factors of social capital are more effective than others to ease and accelerate cooperation among members of Rural Production Cooperative in order to implement rural developmental programs in Mazandaran province of Iran. This was a descriptive- correlation study is a survey type. The population in the study consisted of 5746 farmers in Mazandaran province, By a proportional stratified random sampling technique, 362 farmers of the population were chosen as our sample. A questionnaire was designed to gather data needed for the study. The finding of this study indicates that, there was a significant difference between members and non- members regarding bridging social capital components. Exchange of information between communities, trust to institutions, measure of awareness and formal relationship networks were the most important factors that distinguish two groups and make 71.2 % of population distinctive. This reaearch shows that Members of Rural Production Cooperative have more bridging social capital than non-members.

social capital has been defined as the quality and attribute of a given society and group that promotes the capacity for collective and voluntary of mutual problems. This paper drawing on Stones differentiation of structural and normative aspects in social capital clarifies those aspects which could promote voluntary attitudes and behaviors amongst young people. methodological strategy adopted is based on both a causal comparative survey to examine volunteering on a behavioral level and also a cross sectional survey to study voluntary attitudes and demographic variables on both levels, on a subjective level and drawing on results from a representative sample of 318 students in Allameh Tabatabaee University, voluntary attitudes were divided into five major factors: Ideal, /value laden, radical, protesting, altruistic and particularistic. Findings suggest that normative aspects of social capital (trust and reciprocity), directly correlate with all dimensions of voluntary attitudes. On a behavioral level the sample of youth who had volunteered for helping people harmed in Barn’s quake enjoyed a higher level of social capital compared with those not volunteered. Comparing the two groups indicates that volunteers are those who enjoy a higher radical, protesting attitudes and have less trust in governmental institutions. Findings confirm arguments posed by Edwards and Foley (1997) where in democracy is conceptualized as institutionalization of mistrust.

Giving an explanation for falling of social capital in Post - revolutionary Iran is the main aim of this article. There are two hypotheses: fist, are social capital during this period has felled. Second, the weak governance is the main reason for it. Before going to test these hypothesizes, we have tried to show that there is, generally, a multidimensional causal relation among the economic, political and social factors, in first and second parts of article. At the same time, this point has been argued that one of these factors could be considered as the start point of multidimensional relation, depending on special historical situation of a society. Then, in third to fifth parts of article the hypotheses have been tested, using the data issued by international organizations including World Bank, UNDP and International Transparency Organization as well as the published data by different field studies. Finding and First, social capital during the years after revolution has been felled second, the main reason for this falling is related to weak governance during these years.

The main aim goal of this paper is estimating level and distribution of Social capital (SC) in Iran’s provinces. in this research, first, I have reviewed about the theories of the social capital in order to find the best theoretical model for this research. Then, I estimated the amount of the social capital. For this main, we have reviewed theoretical and empirical literature of human capital, and then we used Dugom Method for estimation the level and distribution of social capital in Iran’s Provinces. The Dogum Method has been formed three old methods of social capital estimation. We used latent variable, because social capital is a qualified variable. The study concludes that the social capital in Yazd province is more than other provinces of Iran. The results show that there are positive relation between all of variable which are related to social capital and the formulation of social capital in Iran’s province except crime index.

Theoretical framework section of paper reviewed Theories of Putnam, Colman, Paxton, Portes, Iyer et al and development Indicators of Rafiee’s research used as development degree criteria in Tehran's 22 municipal districts. The paper discussed about relation of Tehran’s 22 municipal districts development and social capital of municipal districts. Sample of this survey selected by PPS method of sampling between over 16 years old with1759 Individuals. Findings & Results of research demonstrated that there are positive significance relations between social capital and its sub indicators as Generalized Trust, Attention, Formal Participations, and Reciprocal Informal Participation with Development degree of municipal districts and a negative significance relation between Informal Religious Participation and Development degree of municipal districts and there is no any relations between Institutional Trust and Charity Informal Participation with Development degree of municipal districts.

Social capital is one of the concepts in social sciences which during the short time, less than two decades, not only has been populared in academic environments as a scientific term, but also it could arrive into the level of policy-making. The importance of the concept is up to high level that there is a special act about social capital in the fourth program of economic, social and cultural development. Also, social capital is called as an desired characteristic in the document of Iranian development for the year of 2025. But, how is the situation of social capital in the Iranian society?This article, that is extracted from a survey research with a provincial approach and carried out in 2006, try to answer the question. The main target of the study is measuring and ranking of social capital in 20 townships of Isfahan province. The data are gathered by interview based on a standardized questionnaire. The sample size are 4739 cases who have been selected on the basis of a quota method by sex, age group and region. Finding and The results have revealed that in some subdimensions such as institutional trust, trust towards family members, friends and acquintances, security feeling, social participation and social mediation are in better situation than the others that consist generalized trust, the new pattern of participation and civil engaging of citizens in social life. The most important result shows that Isfahan city, as the center of the province, accompanied by city of Khomeinishahr are located in the lowest rank of the social capital hierarchy in comparison with other townships.

The main purpose of this research was study the role of citizenship participation, meritocracy and organizational structure (bureaucratic and traditional) in the organizational citizenship behavior, affiliation organizational commitment and trust to coworkers.
From A group organizations (bureaucratic) one thousand and two hundred twenty two and from B group organizations (traditional) four hundred seventy seven (from throughout of Iran) were selected with the use of multi stage sampling method. Five questionnaire used in this research: meritocracy, citizenship participation, organizational citizenship behavior, affiliation organizational commitment, and trust to coworkers.
Findings: the analysis of variances showed that meritocracy, citizenship participation and organizational citizenship behavior were significantly higher in A group (bureaucratic) organizations than B group (traditional) organizations. Afterward, organizational structure in the form of artifact variable entered to hierarchical regression analysis. The result showed that meritocracy in A group organizations significantly increased the organizational citizenship behavior. The same result also showed that in A group organizations, citizenship behavior adjusts the effect of meritocracy on citizenship participation. But in B group organizations, after control of meritocracy, it has significant relationship with affiliation organizational commitment and trust to coworkers.
In order to develop citizenship Participation and Meritocracy, attention to organizational structure, specifically bureaucratic organizations, seems to be essential for future in Iran.

The formation and expansion of NGOs inside and among different countries has been the center of pondering and consideration of thinkers, with the aim of support and protection the rights of human being and nature, real and organized participation of people in determining their own destiny for improving the social life conditions. This article evaluates the theoretical functions of NGOs with emphasis on NGOs in Iran and an specific attention on environmental NGOs .
This is a descriptive study and its data has been gathered by documents and interview with 50 active members of the environmental NGOs. The data has been coded in order to analyze the main social, economic, political and legal problems facing these organizations.
Finding: The findings show the growth of NGOs in Iran. Although this growth in quantitative regard is admirable, but the necessary data for the evaluation of their operation and function is not available. Concentration on the functions of the environmental NGOs indicates the structural and organizational problems in social, economic, political and legal dimensions of these organizations. Ambiguity in laws and regulations of these organizations, weakness in managerial skills controling them, government and politically interest groups interference in their activities are among the most important problems of these organizations.
Along with the theoretical grounds governing the behavior of NGOs in the world, this article tried to evaluate the position and function of NGOs in Iran. The recognition of structural and organizational limitations governing the environmental NGOs in Iran as an example of these kinds of studies and the manner of expert removal of these limitations can lead to positive functioning of these NGOs and provide suitable conditions in the social system in order to support these NGOs in general.

Focusing on contemporary political and legal philosophy, this paper tries to find justification the question of “how is possible to make a state to be liable to compensate the damages caused by the natural disasters.
Regarding the fact that the subject of this paper is theoretical and also considered as the legal and political philosophy, it is clear that the applied method in order to writing this paper is purely library method. Therefore this paper is formed by collecting the ideas and opinions.
Findings: The public good theory, the insurance contract theory and guaranteed legitimacy theory are theories that can be appealed to justify the liability of state in the natural disasters.
Guaranteed legitimacy theory with equal opportunity ideas is the best theory and idea to justify that liability because the natural disaster is exceptional and the share of nationals can not be measured and rights cant not be very extended

This survey research was proposed and sponsored by the Cultural Revolution High Council’s Secretariat. The aim is to assess the extent of work ethics and its constituents as it exists among state employees. The survey also seeks to determine factors which affect work ethics, such as status characteristics, mode of management, workers’ office organization, the environmental conditions of the office, and certain relevant social factors, all to be studied within the Tehran provincial administration.
This is a paper of survey research in Tehran province. Six hundreds persons of governmental organization's members are research sample. Findings: The findings indicate that the extent of work ethics within the state organizations is higher than average and that it rests at a satisfactory level. Yet, the thought provoking point is the presence of a reverse relationship between work ethics and extent of citizenship and socio-economic status, and more importantly, with the educational background of exemplary members.
That is, factors such as social and political alienation, dissatisfied expectations, which may cause uncontrollable stress on members of the state organizations. Feeling of personal isolation, a retreat from social surroundings and collective values, the feelings of social and organizational injustice, and finally the lack of organizational and social participation, are among parameters found to be threatening the members of the state organizations. Moreover, this potential threat is reinforced as a member is more educated more deeply involved in citizenship activities, and enjoys higher social status.