فصلنامه رفاه اجتماعی
پیاپی 34 (پاییز 1388)

Although Internet and cyberspace have provided unprecedented opportunities for the Iranian Youth, pathology of Internet for Iranian young users has been scarcely scrutinized. Iran now contains more than a half of the Middle Eastern users in itself and the growth of the Internet in Iran has been phenomenal. Taking a critical approach to Internet friendships and liquid love, the present study manages to evaluate different dimensions of this phenomenon among the Iranian young generation. Of course blogging in Iran is a rampant phenomenon and the availability of metarial and the perceived anonymity helps the researchers to seek genuine comments about social issues on the weblogs. The fact that the bloggers and the lovers of “liquid love” both belong to the same generation will be of great help, indeed. This study took a qualitative approach and gathered and analyzed relevant material regarding Internet friendships that Iranian bloggers put on their weblogs. The sampling method was a theoretical one in which we have included all the relevan material on the Iranian weblogs. Apropos, we chose four major blog provider websites, namely, Blogfa, Persianblog, Blogsky, and Blogspot.the categorization of the posts and comments on these weblogs were carried our according to their language and thus, our approach of analysis was an evaluative one. For some categories, we have provided subcategories to help shed light on the issue under scrutiny. Finally, elaborating on gathered material, authors gave an analysis and foresee aspects of future developments of such relations in Iran. Virtual relations are frustrating and most fans of these friendships will become critical of these kinds of relations in a short time. About 65% of Iranian bloggers have pure negative attitude towards liquid loves and only 20 percent of them expressed pure positive comments about these kinds of relations. The rest had mixed comments on their weblogs emphasizing the negative and positive aspects of liquid loves. The seductive nature of virtual friendships in Iran and the destructive consequences of them were among the most important factors expressed in the negative comments about virtual friendships. Those who expressed positive comments about about virtual friendship mosly emphasized on the equality and freedom offered by the new media to bypass the dominant restrictions on virtual relations. Mixed comments include positive and negative aspects of virtual friendship and tried to give a more reasonable account about the possibilities new media have provided for the youth in the developing world. The general results showed that virtual friendships are a rampant phenomenon in Iran. These kinds of friendships are more embraced among those who want to have heterosexual friendships before marriage (note that this kind of friendships are currently forbidden in Iran). These relations have damaged the person's relations in family and in the circle of friends in the real world. Moreover, it was revealed that most of those who have negative attitudes towards virtual relations were those who had positive attitudes to these kinds of relations and suffered from their consequences. Therefore, it could be predicted that most of those who have already a positive stance towards virtual relations, will join the criticizers of “liquid love” although new comers will occupy their place among the cyber-utopian camp.

From all identified HIV positive cases, men's share is far more than women; hence sexual health of men is of special importance in controlling and reducing HIV prevalence. On the other hand, the prominent pattern of virus transmission is changing gradually from transmission due to contaminated injection to transmission through sexual relations in Iran. Recognizing and identifying sexually transmitted pathway among sex workers as well as their clients could contribute in effective intervention, better controlling and reducing HIV prevalence. This study aims to identify some of sex worker client’s characteristics through a cross sectional survey in Tehran capital city of Iran. Through a "cross sectional" study we asked the informants (sex workers) about characteristics of their clients. Data were collected using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The sample for this study was chosen from sex workers in 22 districts of Tehran. Totally 300 informants were interviewed. The first sampling unites were streets, squares, parks, shopping centers and malls, where these women find their clients. This study indicated that, 90 percent of women sex workers have a good understanding and recognize their client’s characteristic. More than half (58.8%) of the informants believe that their clients are adults 30 to 50 years old and 51.6% of them reported that majority of their clients are married. Working hour priority among sex workers also confirms this finding. Among informants 47.7% expressed that their clients are university graduates comparing with 42.8% not finishing high school, and 97.9% of them believe that their clients are employed. Regarding income, 54.7% of the informants reported that their clients are well off and 45.3 % expressed that their clients belong to middle income class. Both qualitative and quantitative data indicate that informants believe their clients live in different districts of Tehran which shows clients vast distribution.Majority of respondents believe that, clients dissatisfaction with family relations or disturbances in relationship with their wives were the main causes behind their demand for extra marital affair. They also rose following causes for such demand: sexual promiscuity, sexual deviance, sexual desire during times separated from their wives’ (i.e. during wife’s pregnancy, during traveling…) and satisfying sense of authority, power and respect. In this study women sex workers knowledge regarding their customers’ characteristics was higher in comparison to their peers in other countries. Findings of this study regarding sex workers clients’ age and marital status was compatible with similar studies in other countries. An interesting finding in this study was clients’ income class. Although in previous studies street based sex workers stated that their clients are mainly from middle income class and upper class customers tend to have sexual relation with non-street sex workers. In this study most of the sex workers believe that their clients are employed and belong to upper economic class. This difference could be due to dominance of individual sex working and prohibition and restriction of organized sex working in Iran.

Problems of substance abuse in young population and students are very important in all societies, because these groups are investments of communities to produce technology and science. In other hand, youth is a high risk group to tendency and usage of substances. Almost all of substance abuse researchers and theories agree with this views that substance abuse cannot be considered merely personal, physical or social problem. This problem has bio-psychosocial impact on personal health, family relationships, and society. The purpose of the present study was investigating substance abuse rate among Governmental (State) university students in Iran. present study was a cross sectional research. Studied sample consisted of 8373 university students (3372 male and 4980 female with 21 didn’t response).From all five regions of Iranian Governmental universities five university (Esfahan, Ferdossi, Kerman, Raazi, and Tehran) were selected randomly. The study subjects were selected by using cluster random sampling method based on gender, faculty and residence statues (dormitory). Substance abuse questionnaire (taromian, 1385) was used in order to gather required data. Content validity of data gathering instrument was confirmed by substance abuse professionals, and its reliability was suitable. Descriptive data indicated that 92 percent of study subjects were in the age range of 19-25 (8/30 percent married, 90/60 percent single, and 0/60 percent separated). Data analysis of the present research indicated that the proportion of students who have used Ghalian, Tobacco, Alcohol, and Opium, at least once in their life, were 30 (46/89 male, 18/54 female), 20 (33/71 male, 10/60 female), 13 (22/81 male, 6/37 female) and 2/80 (5/75 male, 0/88 female) percent; and also 20/70, 13/90, 10, 1/50 percent in the last 12 months respectively. The onset age of almost all substance abuse was at ages from 13 to 18. Also substance abuse often occurred in their friend’s home, at the dormitory with friends, family parties, and recreational trips with fiends. With regard to the availability of traditional substances and alcohol, the rate of substance abuse in students was low. Instead, the student population was the high risk group and adolescence was the critical period in using Ghalian, tobacco, opium and other new substances. The finding of the research revealed that the friends were indicator factor and more important factor than the family in the onset of substance abuse.

Incest exists everywhere, be it developed contry or developing country. It exists in Iran as well. But the main difference is that although there are many researches and voices in this regard in the developed countries, there is an overarching silence on this topic in Iran, which can be sensed by lack of research in this regard. Therefore, the idea can be vastly heared that the risk of being incested is much more stronger when one is off insiders’ or family members’ hands. The existing evidences show that this idea is really false. With this in mind, this paper tries to study incest, its grounds, aggressors’ strategies, and responses of victims. This paper use qualitative approach and particularly ethnographic method. The data was collected through deep interview, documents, observation, and questionnaire. The paper studies a sample containing 39 women and girls who forced to incest with their own brothers or fathers. The results show that incest is not so much a mental problem as a social one, which has its origins mostly in patriarchy and power relations in family as well as the dominance of idea of ownership righ in parents/cheilderen relations. Based on the data collected, this paper classifies aggressors’ strategies in four categories: 1) the strategy of phisical compulsion and violence; 2) the strategy of emotional stimulation and sentimental threat; 3) economic strategy; and 4) fradulent strategy. Also, it recogonizes four categories of victims’ responses: 1) silence option; 2) resistance option; 3) voice option; and 4) exit option. Accordingly, the findings show that it is more probable to resort to voice option and active response if victims have more social networks and supports, and vice versa. show that incest is not so much a mental problem as a social one, which has its origins mostly in patriarchy and power relations in family as well as the dominance of idea of ownership righ in parents/cheilderen relations. Based on the data collected, this paper classifies aggressors’ strategies in four categories: 1) the strategy of phisical compulsion and violence; 2) the strategy of emotional stimulation and sentimental threat; 3) economic strategy; and 4) fradulent strategy. Also, it recogonizes four categories of victims’ responses: 1) silence option; 2) resistance option; 3) voice option; and 4) exit option. Accordingly, the findings show that it is more probable to resort to voice option and active response if victims have more social networks and supports, and vice versa.

Objectires: Totally, programms of substance usage prevention can be divided into two parts of supply and demand reduction. Although numerus activities was done in supply reduction part, today an increase in substance usage is observed among young people. Therfore, determination of factors which can prevent the substance usage are important and necessery. The purpose of this study was to investigate relationship between religiosity and self control with substance abuse. Sample group was consisted of 386 male students from university of Tehran that were selected by stratified random sampling method. The study instruments were Addiction Acknowledgment Scale, Mac Andrew Alcoholism Scale-R, Low Self- Control Scale- Revised and Religious Attitude scales. The data analysis by Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANVCOVA) showed that there was negative correlation between religisity and substance abuse, that is, higher score in religisity accompanies with low probability in substance abuse. Moreover, findings indicated that there was a negative correlation between low self control and substance abuse, in other words, one who has low level of self- control in substance abuse is faced with high risk with higher probablity. religion can be considered as a preventive factor to substance abuse. Therefore, parents and educatioal centers can decrese the substance use probablity via enhancment of religional belifes.

This reseach study the relationships with opposite sex and the factor effecting in this relations and try to answer this questions: what kind of behavioral attitude the boys and girls have relations and dates and what is causes of it and how they behave in this relations? This research has been done by survay method and with holestic-analytic approach and deductive ends.Its population was the whole students studied in Islamic Azad Uni in 8th zone with the sample size of 486 persons which chosen by size – appropriate random sampling. the data was gathered through a questionnaire designed by researcher and analyzed by Regression, Variance, T Tests and Path analysis. The findings show that gender has the highest effect on the relations followed – up by age, individual and family religiosity, attitude toward Hejab, marital status, attitude toward mass media and so on. The result show that there are significant relationships between individual and family religiosity, tendency to Hejab, tendency to mass-media, the use of internet, you show fence conditions as independent variable and tendency to girls and boy relationship and there are significant differences amount student of different fields and between girls intendancy to dating.

substance abuse is one of the most important intricacy that threaten the health of different people especially youths and unemployment is also a problem in developing and third world countries that in addition to evil economic consequences is said as a tendency toward crime, guilt and mental diseases. Some studies show a relation between tendency toward substance use and unemployment and all of these researches show that unemployment is a risk factor for substance use. Unemployment persons relate with a lot of people in a day and they have a lot of leisure that spend with others and do activities during a day. The aim of this study was to compare leisure between two groups of Iranian unemployed male youths; drug users and non-users. This casual comparative study enrolled 200 unemployed young men (20 -30 years) who had referred to job centers of Isfahan. The subjects, selected via cluster random sampling: were divided into two groups: group 1: those who had used substance during the first 6 months after unemployment (n=65) and group two: those who had not used any illicit drugs during this period (n=135). The two groups were compared in terms of leisure. Some instances such as: unemploying for at least 6 months, lack of substance using before unemployment, aware satisfaction in cooperation with research are used as entering criteria and experience of mental diseases and substance use before employment used as exit criteria.Data collecting means was checklist that was made by researchers. This checklist was prepared after review of reference and qualitative study in unemployed who refer to employment centers of Isfahan and they didn’t use substance after 6 months of unemployment. It was questioned from unemployment in research about period of unemployment and do you used substance until and if they used substance they should answered "when they used for first time". If person had used substance before unemployment, he was thanked and that checklist didn’t give him. Filling of check list was lasted 15 minutes by any sample. Statistically there isnt meaningful relation between married situation and education level, age and number of family member in two groups of unemployed who used and not used substance(P<0/05).Average of numbers of time in each day such as: listening to music, friendly speaking, participated persons in friendly speaking, addicted participated in friendly speaking, friendly speaking with addicted persons were reported more in unemployed who used substance when compared with non used unemployed (P<0/05).Our logistic regression model showed that substance use could be predicted by mean hours of friendly speaking with addicted a day in last week (OR=2/606,CI: 1/600-4/244, P<0/001), mean hours of friendly speaking with non addicted a day in last week (OR=1/122,CI: 1/025-1/229, P=0/013). in this research numbers of friendly speaking time with addicted and non addicted are predicators of substance use in unemployed male youths. It is suggested that policy makers pay attention to this factors in their macro- programs about fight against opiates.

Addiction, as a social phenomenon, is depended on several personal and collective factors and it is influenced by social system constraints. In normative system of societies, addiction is considered as a social harm or disease. Our main problem in this research is to analyze how people's commitment and social control in different aspects of social system can affect getting or not getting addicted. Besides, we will consider how we can explain their influence. In explaining this problem, two Theories have been used. First, Durkheim's Anomy theory which is based on independence of individual to social institutions and organizations such as family, school and etc. that caused behavioral deviations, in addition, the foundation of social behavior can be founded in social factors. Second, Social Control theory which found on individual who has potential to disobey the law moreover, modern society has provided opportunity for many illegal activities. Some criminal behaviors as using drugs and etc. has created entertainment that ended to immediate enjoyment. The research method is Survey and our statistical population has been determined using random sampling method amongst addicts having been documented in the Office of Fighting against Narcotic drugs in a border city of Iran (Khaf, Khorasan's province). Data gathering has been done through assessing available documents in the mentioned office and using by questionnaires among 100 addicts and 100 Non-addicts (as the control group) and Performing validity and reliability tests for independent variables (logistic Regression and other tests). based on data gathering of this research, 62% of addictions are under low social commitment and just 5% of this indicator is estimated high. All of them have only used opium. The average duration of using opium has been 8/56 years. Rate of dependency on addicted group is considered 14% high, 49% average and 37% low. The average of social commitment and social control is 99% in significant level among addicts are lower than Non-addicts.Upon backward multiple logistic Regressions, using addiction estimate based on social commitment, the probability of addiction among people with low social commitment is high, considering 72% probability level. Also, the probability of addiction under the condition of low social control is high, considering 72% probability level. Statistics have implied that 83% of Non-addicts are under low social control. Results from descriptive and explanatory findings imply that there is a meaningful relationship between social commitment and control and addiction phenomenon. The effect of social factors on addiction and expansion are determinate. The addicts are not separated from their environment and society. Social dependence and relationship make commitment. some dependence such as family, an institution and commitment to common activities like education, employment, states, saving, occupation in ordinary activity and belief to ethical codes social norms which are samples of commitments. In the result of this research, the appropriate solution for reducing addition has been reinforcement of socialization, collective conscientiousness and respect to social and ethical norms.

Women have a vital role in knowledge-based economy and in recent years, Iran has experienced a considerable attendance of women in public and private organizations. Organizations have to paved the way for woman if they want to have a productive manpower. One of the most important problems in organizations is organizational bullying that led to stress. Unfortunately, workplace bullying is a reality in today’s organizations and it has been estimated that two percent of all employees have experienced bullying. Bullying have a negative affect on self esteem, physical health and emotional health. These climate cause absence and turnover. In this article we investigate the correlation between bullying and stress in women. The sample includes 285 women in Tehran University. To collect data for the research questionnaire have been used. The questionnaire contains 25 questions to evaluate female stress and 28 questions for evaluating bullying based on Likert scale as 1- strongly agree, 2-agree, 3- neither agree nor disagree, 4-disagree, 5- strongly disagree. 285 out of 300 questionnaires were handed back and thus used in analysis. To check the validity of the questions we have used specialist, professors and experts’ opinion to make sure that the questions are simple and clear enough. Also to determine the reliability of items, 30 questionnaires were distributed and completed as pretest. Cronbach’s Alpha shows the reliability of items is trustable. Factor analysis and spearman correlation coefficient was used to analysis the data. The findings revealed the role of stress in workplace and provide some suggestions in order to decreasing it. To analyze the data SPSS version 15 software was used. The findings of the correlation text demonstrate the negative relationship between organizational bullying and stress It seems that women arent familiar with their rights in workplace and dont care it thus these factors cause a passive position in women. The comparison of finding of this article with the other research exhibits a big contradiction that make some explanations. The most important of these differences is the social consciousness of women in Iran. Another significant factor that brings sence is the social norm which affect the socialization process in familiad institutions. Social perception of women affect the meaning of social reality in the eyes of Iranian. Women the matter of organizational bullying is different from the perceptions of western women. The training of necessary skills in social everyday life, preventing job family conflict, reinforcing the self confidence of female, regulating code of ethics and punishing the violence and bullying may reduce the organizational bullying and promote the organization health. One of the significant factor in reducing the frequency and intensity of bullying in organization is the leadership style of their managers. When the dominant leadership style in the organization would be dictatorship or autocratic leadership style, the violence and bullying could increase. The social support has a significant role in reducing the stress and the supportive leadership style can improve the condition for individual and groups. Thus it is recommended to use these solutions in order to reducing bullying in organizations.

Injecting heroin is the most common documented reason for HIV infectious in IRAN. Drug Injection is the most common type of misusing opiate in homeless addicted persons. Different studies found that there are specific relationships between drug abuse, injecting with shared needles and other risky behaviors which are related to HIV infection and personality and behavioral characteristics such impulsivity. According to high prevalence of heroin injection in homeless opioid dependents in Tehran, Iranian Police Force in cooperation with Drug Court and Ministry of Health, systematic intervention in homeless people in city of Tehran’ project, perform a methadone maintenance program for these people for 3 months in Shafagh rehabilitation center. In duration of therapy, some serologic examinations were done for diagnose and perform next interventions because of acquisition of HIV Infectious. This research was designed to examine and compare of some behavioral scales between 2 groups (HIV+ and HIV-) before accomplishment of therapy. 52 persons selected in this research (25 HIV+ and 27 HIV-) and Barret Impulsiveness Scale, Eysenck Impulsiveness Questionnaire, Delay Discounting Task, demographic information form and clinical interview performed for gathering databases. HIV infectious was related to injection drug history; in addition, HIV infectious was related to prison history. The difference in impulsivity scale of Barret and Eysenck Questionnaires between 2 groups was significant. the high rate of impulsivity and probability of sharing needles in injection drug users in compare of other injection drug users leads to progressing AIDS. High rate of impulsivity and sharing needles are two most important anticipations for acquisition of AIDS.

Different sociological theories are suggested to explain the fear of crime. These theories account variables such as disorganization, media effects, victimization, ecological variables for the explanation of the phenomenon. This paper aims to examine the implications of disorganization theory for the fear of crime. A sample of adults inhabitants of two districts of Tehran (district 3 and 12) were interviewed in a survey study. These two districts are quite different with regard to physical and social disorganization. While district three is an influent well organized area, district 12 is in an opposite situation. The variable of fear of crime was considered as a two dimensional phenomenon including feeling of security and worry of crime. Disorganization comprised of disorder, social worry, subculture diversities, neighborhood bonds, neighborhood attachment. These variables were measured by a 5 point Likert scale. Fear of crime among the inhabitants of are 12 was more than that of the inhabitants of area 3. The feelings of disorganization, except that of neighborhood bonds, among the inhabitants of are 12 were also more than those of the inhabitants of area 3. The data also revealed that there were a significant relationship between perceived disorganization and fear of crime. These findings give significant support to the disorganization theory and are consistent with the previous studies. The only odd result is the positive relationship between neighborhood bonds and fear of crime. This may be explained by the social fabric of inhabitants of area 12. That is, they are mostly immigrants of rural and small cities which still have more connection with their neighbors while the social and physical disorganization of their area cause more fear of crime, they still have their neighborhood ties.

In the three-stage pattern of prevention of crime and deviation, the second stage of prevention is aimed at people who are on the verge of committing crimes and are more probable to be involved in deviancy. The aim of secondary prevention is to identify such groups and to perform preventive support attempts for them.In religious instructions, some groups have been presented who have a lower threshold of starting crimes, as compared with others; hence they need special support attempts so that they may prevent themselves from the danger of crime and deviation. The aim of this research is to introduce these groups from the view of Islam, and to survey the methods offered in order to prevent them from crime and deviation. This research has been performed by comments of the contents of religious texts by employing commentary techniques and on the basis of criminology, sociology, psychology and also the models presented in preventive criminology. The religious text used in this research has been particularly the Holy Koran. (A)In the Islamic instructions, groups such as the poor, the guardianless women, the orphans, the youth and juveniles, the strickens and the rich is introduced as the groups exposed to crime, who need preventive supportive attempts, and if they do not receive it, they are more likely than other people to commit crimes, hence they have received particular direct and indirect supports.(B)These groups have received three different support categories: cognitive support, emotional and spiritual support and material supports. Identification support causes the individual to have a proper self identification and also well recognition of his/her circumstances so that he/she may overcome these circumstances. Emotional and spiritual support causes strengthening of the individual's adhesion with others and provides his/her emotional shortages, thus lifting the ability to bear hard conditions. Financial support also aims at group who are exposed to crime because of serious financial needs, and makes them avoid crime by meeting their needs so that their abilities may be strengthened to defeat these difficulties.The whole of these supports can reinforce the mentioned groups from the mental, emotional and financial point of views and make it possible for them to cope with hard circumstances and critical situations without getting involved in criminal and deviational behaviors.Consideration of religious instructions in this regard, indicates that mental and cognitive supports are prior to other types and have special importance.If the groups exposed to crime have a correct recognition of life and its targets and be able to comment the events of life properly, they will be able to accord with hard situations and to convert such situations to conditions for growth and ascendancy. Emotional supports are also of a particular importance and must be offered simultaneously with cognitive supports. Financial and economic support have special significance for groups who are vulnerable from this point of views and can prepare the background for influencing the other types of support.

Cognitional, behavioral, social and emotional functions of violence predictor, victim and child called forgotten victim and unintentional victim are found to be affected by domestic violence. Domestic violence affects children even if they are not the direct victim but have a close relationship with the victim. Hence the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between exposure to inter-parental physical violence and 4 areas of self-esteem in college students, in Tabriz-East Azerbaijan province in Iran-2008/09. The study was a retrospective questionnaire survey. Data of a probability sample of second and third year graduate students (n=177) of Humanity and Social Sciences Faculty of Tabriz university was collected by using a couple of questionnaires named the questionnaire of inter parental physical violence composed of 30 questions, and the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Scale. The inventory exposure to physical violence between parents was sent to three experts and scholars in the field of family violence to examine scale’s content validity and cultural relevance and was obtained to be reliable (α =0.76). The Coopersmith Self-Esteem Scale was utilized to collect related information about 4 areas of self-esteem (home, social, academic and general) and was attained to get a good reliability coefficiency (0.83). In the current study, there were 89 female participants (%50.3) and 88 male participants (%49.7) who fulfilled both mentioned questionnaires. 62.1% of study members were the second year undergraduate students (39% females) and 37.9% of them were the third (26.6% males). The mean age of the participants was 20.97 years (SDAWT IMAGE1.77) with a range between 18 and 34 years old. Within the 177-undergraduate-student sample, 61.02% (n=108) of the respondents reported exposure no violence, and 38.98% (n=69) were exposed to inter-parental physical violence. It is about a fourth of female students and about a second of male students who reported exposure. Research results demonstrated students who had exposed to inter-parental physical violence had significantly lower home self-esteem than participants did not report such a witness. This finding was in harmony with the theory of Post Trauma Stress Disorder (PTSD), Emotional Security Hypothesis, as well as family Disruption Hypothesis. Also the study suggested that male participants who exposed to inter-parental physical violence reported lower academic self-esteem than those exposed none at all. According to the findings, graduate student’s lower home self-esteem and lower academic self-esteem for male graduate students are considered in families with inter-parental physical violence during childhood and adolescence. While being acquainted with the consequences of exposure to domestic violence between parents, to support and protect unintentional victims - children - from its various inconveniences is quite vital.

Criminal law is one of the important social control mechanisms that regulate behavior and people activities in society. This kind of interference there is a difference with other instruments social control because of using repressive techniques against those who infraction its instructions. Penal law defines values that represents our way of life are reflected and use the direction of "big stick" punishment as a tool in direction of strengthening the values and ensure respect for them. In this direction penal law not only sought to protect the individual, but to support the structure and the combination of society as well. Penal interference prescribed in order to achieve the certain objectives is that the negligence to practical and capacity of this kind of interference, confront with serious doubts the rate of its success. This article deals with this issue in the field of crimes related to deviations and social problems. This research is to description and analysis method has been writing and in the light of studying Iran legislative criminal policy assesses the amount of penal interference in the light of experimental and comparative studies. Iranian legislator to combat undesirable and abnonormal behaviors that is locating in the framework of individual and social Freedom, deviations, sins, and even prohibited behaviors have been use the criminalization mechanism. criminalization's extensive, unjustifiable, vague and general in various areas like the auditory and visual, conduct coverage and titles such as; addiction, vagrancy, Begging, the demonstrators were forbidden to act and committing any practical public chastity wound labarum are unqualified recognition, not only has provided to securing the expression of some deviations in the form of crime and Commixture borders between crime and sin, But also with instrumental using of criminal law for apparent social Coordinate and lack of success in general and specific intimidation citizens about the preventing of committing of criminalizing behaviors due to inattention to values of people and public opinion have been reduced the dignity of the criminal justice. criminal justice system has limited capacity in fighting against crime and the giving of responsibility of social control for it. Criminalization should be considered as the ultima ratio and with the observation of theoretical, practical and criminological limitations about the criminalization. Inattention to the subject of many negative consequences and will be followed. Most important of which can be name the increase number of black and gray crime, representing negative social criminal justice system, creating realms discriminative and possibility the abuse in the implementation of the law, weakening moral dimensions of Criminal Law, a decrease in efficiency of punishments, potential criminologinic of criminal law by labeling process and legitimacy crisis. In line with the problem proposed the assigning criminal reactions by some of the favorableness offensive behavior and handing over the current; organizing and controlling behaviors in other fields such as educational system, the family, the cultural and religious institutions, medical, health and welfare Structures.

Objectivs: In "Self-understanding" model presented by Damon and Hart (1991), level of change and growth delay are emphasized and therefore psychological problems may be resulted from deficiency or delay in adolescent‘s reasoning about "self".In this research the role of integration therapy in improvement of self-understanding of addicted criminal adolescents on the basis of promotion of self understanding level have been surveyed, supplementary goals of the research have been survey of role of integration therapy in improvement of self concept and self esteem of criminal addicted adolescents in five fields including general, family, social, physical and educational. The non- randomized control group pretest- posttest design, a type of quasi-experimental study, has been applied in this research.To survey meaningfully the difference between two averages, "t" test was applied for independent groups.The population of the research included the criminal adolescents of Mashhad Education and Reform Center. Sample volume of the research included 16 individuals (8 individuals in experimental group and 8 individuals in control group).To select samples, purposeful sampling method was applied. The research means were clinical interview of Damon and Hart, self concept test of Beck and self esteem test of Poup. The results of coding of clinical interview in pretest stage indicate delay in level of the addicted criminals’ self-understanding change.To survey meaningfully the difference between two averages, "t" test was applied for independent groups.The results indicate that, integration therapy plays role in promotion of level of self-understanding change, self concept improvement and increase of addicted criminals’ self esteem. Hypotheses of this study confirm the effectiveness of integration therapy on self understandingimprowement,self concept and increase self esteem addicted crrminaladolescents shows.these resultstheor of spontaneous treatment denies.therefore, reform and security systems shoud do more to maintain and to punish offenders. Thu,s psychotherapy and counseling services in prisons and reform and education center should be expanded.

Theoretical frame: this study was evaluated and perused the performance of exit control center (ECC) from Khuzestan prisons to create and occupation for female prisoners; and so prevention of their recidivism since 2006.Research 124 freewomen dossiers since this year were considered with exploration-description method and interview with them. All service of exit control center (ECC) for these women were evaluated. ECC is similar to bridge between necessitous prisoners and outdoor society with financial and convenience services for adaptation of them to new changes. It grants the loan less dividend and gratuitously with perused of familiar record of necessitous prisoners before and after freedom; and so compotation of their present situation, effect of imprisonment on prisoners and their family. first statistical data showed %48 of freewomen were used ECC services; %52 were less literacy; %42 have technical-art certificates; %64 are addiction and theft delinquents; the rate of employee is %62. Age median is 34 and %72 of them was married. Statistical test of hypothesis with independent t test showed there is positive and significant relation between age, literacy and marriage to employee rate. But it isnt significant to kind of crimes. Index of female recidivism was %3.4 and so between age, literacy and marriage with this index observed no significant and negative relation. Data was showed with increase of literacy, age and so with their marriage; benefit of ECC service was more effective. Less effect of ECC services was on prisoners with no literacy, unmarriageable and chastity crimes. Finally, survey occupied to development and growth of technical-art certificates between female prisoners because it has high significant relation to prevention of recidivism.

This research is conducted for evaluating community-based drug abuse prevention program in East Azarbaayjaan. The aims of the research were to answer these questions:1. How much participation was there in program?2. What are these organizations’ self-determined goals? How much of these goals did they reach?3. Regarding self-determined goals, improving community’s attitudes, drug abuse incidence, and quality of life, is the program, after 6 month administration, effective? The research method was before — after study with non-randomized control group. Self-determined goals were detected qualitatively via observation and focus group discussions. Independent t-tests show community-based prevention has created improvements in attitudes and qualities of lives of the people in program communities significantly more than control communities, but it didn’t reduce the incidence rate of drug use.Correlations between participation in program and changes in attitudes, incidence rate, and quality of life, were 0.89, 0.44, and 0.49, respectively. Logically and based on the model hypothesized for research, community action was expected to change first attitudes, then use incidence, and finally quality of life. According to the new hypothetical model, the relation among variables is nonlinear and community action without any effect on incidence can improve the community quality of life; an effect which can be postulated as mediated by improved attitudes or directly from the intervention.