فصلنامه رفاه اجتماعی
پیاپی 36 (بهار 1389)

Research Problem: Economic growth and development is a complicated process that falls into the domain of many disciplines in social sciences and humanities. Therefore to study these fundamental aspects of economic growth synthesizing in these fields is necessary. In this research using endogenous growth models and political literature, we present a model for political economy of growth. The main question that this study is going to answer is the relation between democracy and economic growth. There are some well known documents that have studied the relationship between democracy and economic growth in the literature in this area. Because of ambiguous results of them, it is needed to test the relationship by using new data and methods. to test the relation between democracy and economic growth, using panel data of 62 countries in the period 1980-2000 in this paper we study the effects of democracy on economic growth through fixed effects model. To measure democracy index, we use a mixed variable which includes political and freedom rights. Per capita GDP growth is used to measure economic growth rate. Stata8 and Eviews5 software are used to get econometrics results. Concluding remarks: Despite of a lot of studies that focus on the negative effects or inefficiency of democracy, we find the positive and significant effects of democracy on economic growth. We also come to this conclusion that economic growth negatively is related to the inflation, interest groups, and government consumption on the other hand it is positively related to the human capital, investment, population growth, female labor force, and active population. according to results, we conclude that any improvement in the democratic institutions is required to have significant economic growth. Also, tocatch higher economic growth, education enhancing, democratic institutions, reduction in government intervention in economy, investment and increasing in female labor force participation can be helpful.

Since the social capital issue and its role in the economic development have been presented, the dominant idea is an emphasis on the positive role of social capital. In this writing, it is demonstrated that there are different types of social capital and although it has a positive role on development process, a kind of that can be no suitable for development. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the concept of social capital and to distinguish its different forms, focusing on their potential effects on economic development. Research method in this writing is "library method". Different researches are considered about the relation between social capital and economic development and at the end, it is concluded about the existence or non- existence of a relation. In this research we have concluded that since bonding social capital influences on a limited and special confidence, it causes some organizational disorder or factious. So its result is an undeveloped society. On the contrary, bridging social capital with expanding of confidence interval, creating social relations and people participation in voluntary associations helps economical development.

efficiency in public sector economic development and social welfare has always been regarded economists. Basically one of the important sections of this study to determine the optimal size and optimal state. Many previous studies examined the effect of government size on economic growth result showed disagreement in this issue that is because of kind of country and location and type of. Government presence in the economy. This article examines the relationship between size of government and human development. This article kind of analytical and econometric approach has been used for inference, statistics and data has been obtained from resources index World Development (WDI), International Financial Statistic (IFS) and the Human Development Index from the Human Development Report United Nations Development Programmed (UNDP). Econometric method to test the method of generalized dynamic (Dynamic Generalized Method of Moments). Statistical population of this study is the oil countries (include Iran) and non-oil developing countries in the period 1990 to 2006. Based on Heiter (2001) study, in this study took the size of the government separately to share consumption spending and capital spending in GDP. After statistical analysis research variable, the model has been estimated. In this model, the Human Development Index used as the dependent variable and the government consumption spending and capital spending that the state government to gain size as the explanatory variable Estimations results show that, in that period, the relationship between the size of government and human development oil countries and non-oil developing countries is positive relationship between government consumptionspending and capital spending The size of the oil countries is bigger than non-oil countries, but for reasons such as deficiency in these communities function, low quality goods and public sector... Government failed to optimize the impact on human development, impact in developing countries, governments have been more.

Social welfare, as a combination of organized system of laws, rules, programs and policies, is one of the most debatable subjects which contain so difference view points. At the other hand due to the different levels of development, we encounter with different welfare regimes. In this paper we are investigating the case in a comparative analyzing manner. this paper is developed based on analytic descriptive method, within which the theories of welfare and public sector economy are used as well. 1) there is a somehow, tautological relation between social welfare from one hand and the level of development from the other hand. 2) We can specify three kinks of welfare regimes; ultra-welfare, informal welfare regime, and welfare state. 1)-despite of its difficulties, the welfare state regime could construe as the most efficient one.2)-Iranian welfare regime can not be accounted as a welfare state regime.

The most obvious character of Iran’s socio-economic changes in recent decades (1966-2006) is urban and urbanite growth. In the year 1966, only 38 percent of Iran’s populations were urbanite. This figure increased with 5.1 mean growth rate to 54 percent until 1986, and so the urban population share proceeded from rural population. For the first time in Iran, more than half of the populations became urbanite. Now, about 70 percent of Iran’s population is urbanite who is living in 1067 urban points. Urban development has been increased so rapidly in this period that limited many existing opportunities for increasing social welfare and upgrading of urban quality of life. Therefore, in current situation in parallel with urbanization of society, one of the most important research necessities is the analyzing of the consequences due to it like assessment of urban quality of life. In this article the impacts of urbanism growth on urban quality of life changes from 1986-2006 has been evaluated. The research method in this article is descriptive-analyzing. In this way, the changes of quality of urban life in 1986-2006 in the base of objective index, first describe by process framework and then analysis with regard to urbanism growth. The indexes which the changes of their share, per capita are assessed consist of housing, sanitation, education, communication, energy and tourism. The basic information is gathered by documentary and library methods from statistical sources and official reports and sometime has been completed by personal recourse to respective organizations. Under the influences of expedite growth of urbanism in 1986-2006, the indicator urban quality of life in Iran has reduced in many indexes like housing, education, tourism, sanitation and health (sick bed). The number of urban households without house has get from 25 to 29 thousand household and in spite of relative stability in the number of rooms and shrink of space of dwelling units, the density of person in a room had increased from 0.6 to 0.8.Teacher per capita has been decreased from 16 to 14 teachers per 10,000 person. Also, professor per capita with growth rate of only 0.5 percent in a more unfavorable process has been reached from 0.08 to 0.04 per student. In the case of sickbeds, the same changes can be seen from 27 to 24 beds per 10,000 person. In others indexes sanitation and health, and also communication and energy urban quality of life had been increased. This increase for medical laboratory had shown a growth from 5.8 to 9.4 laboratory per 10,000 person. The number of cell phones with a 10 increase had been reached from 16 to 3188 cell phone per 10,000 people. The number of housing unit having telephone also has increased from 25 to 85 percent. Besides, from the energy index point of view in 2006, 98 percent of housing unit are accessed to electricity and 85 percent to gas which in comparison to similar index in 1966 shows significant increase. Urban quality of life has been influenced extremely by rapid urbanization. Rapid urbanization has lessened the share and per capita of many indexes or controlled the positive changes and by this has a serious influence on social aspects of urbanization. In this situation, it is necessary in parallel with urban and urbanism development the study of assessment of urban quality of life in national and regional scale are considered continually. In fact, the capacity and rate of urban development in Iran not only should be evaluated by quantity and physical criteria, but also by survey of its influence on urban quality of life.

Economists postulates that in order to achieve maximum welfare gain in the community, cost and benefit of investment projects should be distributed between individual on the base of marginal utility of income. A broader opinion is that even though poorer individuals may be less able to pay for a particular benefit, they may obtain greater utility from it. In line with the broader opinion, this paper looks at regional welfare weights in Iran on the basis of a conventional consumption utility function which assumes diminishing marginal utility. In this paper we investigate real per capita consumption of 28 provinces in 1385 with statistical point. and estimate marginal utility of consumption in Iran with econometric and time series technique. There is a significant difference in real per capita consumption between provinces if a project increase the income in all provinces in a same amount their effect on welfare increase will be different. Marginal utility of income in Iran is -1.56.the minimum welfare with belong to Tehran province and maximum to Sistan province. The use of distributional weights normally produces a systematic bias in investment analysis favoring projects that benefit the poor rather than the rich. This should not be regarded as being a distortion in the rational use of Scarce resources, but rather a manifestation of fundamental socio-economic objectives of the community who may wish to consider equity and efficiency objectives simultaneously. With the use of regional welfare weights the cost-benefit analysis will make the poor districts a much more favorable venue than the richer ones.

In the past decades, the experience of many countries has shown that economic growth is not in itself a comprehensive measure of the evaluation of the improvement of people's life. Therefore, it is important to take into account, besides economic growth, other indices which involve important social and, especially, human variables. One of the most important indices is the Human development Index (HDI), the improvement of which provides, because of the effective role of manpower in the development programmes, a basis for access to sustainable development. With regard to the predicted goals and a view of the country on the 1404 horizon, it seems that putting more emphasis on and paying more attention to the human aspects of the development of provinces is essential, especially for provinces which face numerous limitations of other developmental sources. Accordingly, an attempt has been made in this study to evaluate the Human Development Index in Sistan and Baluchestan during the years 1996-2006. To carry out this study, we used an analytic-descriptive research method. The indices used were educational, hygienic, and income. The data were extracted from statistics annuals, and the provinces hygienic and education centers, during the years 1996-2006. The findings of this study show that the HDI rose from 0.42 to 0.47 during the years that was the focus of this study. Although the HDI increase is slow, it is the result of the improvement of the indeces of life expectancy and training in Sistan and Baluchestan, despite the lowness of the province's income index. Income index could not contribute considerably to the process of HDI in Sistan and Baluchestan. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to thepolicies and approaches in order to increase income.

Fars province includes 24 townships and urban districts that are highly different in terms of ecological condition, area and population congestion. For example, Shiraz urban district has a high population of 1.3 million while in other urban areas such as Bavanat, Pasargad, Farashband and Arsanjan less than 20 thousand people live. There are considerable differences among the Fars urban areas in other aspects and especially in economical fields. Great differences among the Fars urban areas assert the necessity for more consideration to the less developed urban areas in provincial programming. Such a programming and aiming at the especial areas needs to rank the different areas priority. This study aims at ranking the Fars province urban areas based on a composite development criterion. In order to rank the urban areas, fuzzy and numerical taxonomy approaches were used. Regarding the complexity of selecting the appropriate indices indicating the development level we focused on the indices that are more cited in development economics. These indices, as aggregate groups, are demographic, sanitation and health, communication and newspapers, education, public and recreational facilities, cultural, and economical and welfare indices. Each of the groups contains detailed indices, amounting to 29 indices totally. The dataset comes from Fars province 2006 census and annually expenditure survey of 2006. Our sample also contains the urban areas of Fars province. The findings showed a slight difference among Fars urban areas in terms of demographic, sanitation and health and education indices, accounting only for 23 percent of combined development index. The individual weight of the above indices is also 6, 10.38 and 5.89 percent, respectively. While more than 77 percent of differences were generated from other indices. Based on thefuzzy approach the higher is the weight of a special index, there will be more difference among the areas in terms of that index. Based on the fuzzy approach urban areas of Shiraz, Bavanat, Arsanjan and Farashband were found with the highest rank in terms of the development level. While Ghir and Karzin, Zarrindasht, Pasargad and Mamasani were recognized as the regions with lowest development ranking. The findings of the study showed that there are low differences among the Fars province urban areas in the case of demographic, sanitation and health and education fields and most of the differences in urban areas resulted from public and recreational facilities, cultural, and economical and welfare indices. It was also found that the fuzzy approach is more powerful in ranking as compared to numerical taxonomy.

This paper studies the relationship between globalization and inequality in Iran. In our model inequality is considered to be a function of GNP, GNP2, (X+M)/GDP and FDI/GDP. Globalization has very important between academic subject that growth in recent years. Globalization change industry, financial, culture and many relationships in the world. It’s very similar to revolution. Some theorisian believes that effects of globalization are too large compare industrial revolution. We use regression method on data of Iran for rural, urban and total area. Estimate the model using time series data for 1386-1349 period in Iran have been undertaken. Source data, is Central Bank of Iran and use Eviews software and is estimated using OLS. In total, nine equation is estimated that all of them independent variables, areFDI / GDP, GNP and (X + M) / GDP. Dependent variable in the equation varies. Gini coefficient index, tile ratio and share of ten percent of high income to low income, at urban areas, rural and total areas. Estimated equation is as follows: Gini= A + b (percapitaGNP) + c (percapitaGNP) 2 + d (openness ratio) + e (FDI inflow) + ε share of ten percent high income to low income = A + b (percapita GNP) + c (percapita GNP) 2 + d (openness ratio) + e (FDI inflow) + ε The estimate of regression shows, in Iran with increases of GNP, inequality first increase, and then decrease. When openness rise, inequality in urban and total decrease, but has not effect on rural area. Increase FDI in Iran has not effect on income distribution in Iran. The results indicate that GNP have a positive and significant relation with Inequality and GNP2 have a negative and significant relation with Inequality. Thus Kuznets hypothesis is accepted.(X+M)/GDP has a negative and significant relation with Inequality, therefore stolper – Samuelson hypothesises is accepted (FDI) / GDP has a positive and no significant relation with Inequality, therefore mundel hypothesis is rejected. Degree of openness and increasing the volume of commercial trade with other countries to reduce inequality. Because comparative advantage in exporting goods that people with low incomes, they must produce. Traditional agricultural exports at low-income areas and by low-income people that increasing the volume of international trade, increased demand and increased demand for these goods will lead to increases of income for lowincome people. Considering that the amount of FDI is negligible in most of industries except oil industry and large industries. There is significant positive correlation between FDI and inequality. In other words, in Mundl hypothesis is not confirmed. Increasing the volume of FDI in the whole country, increases income inequality (Gini coefficient and share of ten percent of high income to low income). Using the three indicators in rural and urban areas the relationship between FDI and income inequality can not be seen. Suggest, future reasearch will use other indicators of poverty and estimate its realation with index of globalization. Also other researchers can use other indicators for globalization, for example combined index of globalization.

This paper estimates the energy demand systems in transportation and housing sectors in Iran over the period 1997-2006. Then, ignoring energy subsidies, calculates the changes in social welfare. This paper uses Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) and compensating variation (CV) for estimating the energy demand systems and calculating the changes in social welfare in terms of ignoring energy subsidies and increasing energy prices up to the level of international prices (shadow prices) respectively. The share of energy expenditures from total expenditures in transportation sector for middle deciles is higher and for richer deciles is less than other deciles. In housing sector, whenever the level of welfare increases, this share decreases. The results show that, the variance of energy in energy basket, may decrease the amount of compensating variation, and as a whole compensating variation of richer expenditure deciles are greater.

Studies revealed that importance of chickens in consumption pattern has been increasing in recent years as compared with meat. On the other hand since a great deal of maize as main nutrient in chickens production is provided from import, chickens market is exposure to global changes of maize market. Changes in maize world price may cause great welfare consequences by affecting meat market. These changes, among the others, are also influenced by the price transmission pattern from world market to domestic one. However the price transmission from maize world market to domestic one has not been considered. In this study impact of changes in maize world price on meat market was evaluated using simulation by multi market framework. The scenarios are increase in maize world price by 5, 10 and 15 percent and decrease by same levels. Changes in meat prices obtained by simulation was used in evaluation of changes in welfare and poverty indices including head count ratio, poverty gap and poverty severity. Welfare changes were calculated for producers, consumers and whole of the society. Price transmission from world market to domestic one was also considered using the different specifications for symmetric and asymmetric conditions. Effect of maize world price on society groups including producers, consumers as well as poverty indices was investigated under two conditions of symmetric and asymmetric price transmission. Findings The results showed that price transmission from world market to domestic one is asymmetric in short run while a symmetric transmission is observed in long run, indicating that in short run price increase is transmitted more complete than price decrease to domestic market. Based on the results in meat and chicken market it was found that increased (decreased) maize world price affects producers positively (negatively). However, the response of welfare changes to price changes was more vigorous inlong run as compared to short run, so that in higher price changes the difference between long run and short run welfare changes tends to decrease rapidly. In the case of consumers it was found that increase (decrease) in maize world price results in decreased (increased) welfare. Like the meat producers the welfare effects was evaluated more considerable in short run as compared to long run. It was also found that the response of the welfare changes to maize world price changes is more noticeable as compared to short run. Society welfare as sum of producers and consumer welfare showed tendency to decrease in long run as maize world price assumed to increase, however it was increasing in short run and for maize world price increments of 10 and 15 percent. Effect of maize world price decrease also was found positive on society welfare. Increased maize world market results in considerable increase in poverty indices especially poverty gap and poverty severity indices while decreased maize world price has a thin impact on poverty indices improvement. An asymmetric pattern is perceptible in welfare changes and changes in poverty indices under scenarios of increase and decrease in maize world price.

This article is the report of a part of findings in a descriptive phenomenological study that was performed by the purpose of describing the experiences of Disability Rights among 11 physically disabled that were living in Tehran, Iran. The study involves secondary analysis of in-depth transcribed interview data, using colazzi’s method. A total of 655 descriptive expressions were categorized in to 25 preliminary structural elements (sub themes). 7 essential structural elements (themes) emerged from an analysis of the sub themes. The 7 essential structural themes were categorized in to 3 fields. Right to access is one of essential structural elements which were emerged from an analysis of 6 preliminary structural elements. These preliminary structural elements are: right to access to Housing, Education and information, Job facilities, Medical care and rehabilitation, Rest, leisure and sport, Places and transportation system. In this article, the right to access to the public facilities as a part of civil rights of the people with disabilities would be discussed. the participants had their unique experience of what they called “Right to Access”. They have felt the need of having access to the public facilities and information system and they consider the “Right to Access” as a part of Civil Rights of the persons with disabilities.