فصلنامه رفاه اجتماعی
پیاپی 45 (تابستان 1391)

One of the main challenges for the socio-political structures in all governments is definition of poverty. Always there has been a dispute over the meaning of poverty. There have been many studies on poverty and there have been many challenges on the nature of poverty (some questions like what is poverty?)، but more studies brought up more diversity in approaches and hence findings. Meta-analysis was one of the solutions to this problem. In Iran also we had the same problem in defining of poverty and introducing a conclusive suggestion. Therefore، a study with meta-analysis method been conducted at the University of Rehabilitation and Social Welfare Sciences. This study was done by meta-analysis method in which combination of all or selective sample of previous studies on the subject. By using the statistic methods، results would be more comprehensive، uniformed، and logical. 85 studies from different area of subjects in economics، sociology and geography were selected to be surveyed، in which we come to knowing that economic studies with 66% was dominated. Among them، 72% concentrated on dependent variable of poverty، 21% income distribution and 7% employed inequality variable in their studies. The majority studies of poverty in Iran have been economical studies، which usually two major approaches were implemented: The first was the approach in which the factors of poverty were surveyed and in the second the measurement of poverty was the main issue. Due to these approaches and methods، it seems that poverty studies in Iran have been too mechanical and faraway from real social life of people in the streets. Poverty studies beside that academic and technical tools and methods require more direct attention to the social life of the population.

Poverty is one of the challenges in the economy of any country. Economic development plans impact on all economic variables in each country. Regarding to the impact of development plans on poverty as an economic variable، investigation the effects of Development Plan on poverty is the aim of this paper. Besides، the practical results in this study، a new methodology for comparing poverty indices is proposed. In this present paper، the data based on stochastic dominance approach is gathered for studying the impact of Fourth Program Economic Development on poverty. This paper has shown that the trend of poverty in this period in the whole country، urban and rural areas has declined. The results have indicated that the fourth development has a positive impact on poverty. It also reduces the poverty gap and severity of poverty. In other words، the positive effect of the fourth development plan on poverty is decreasing during this period.

One of characteristic of developing countries is imbalance and extreme focus on urbanization. Therefore، in order to achieve a suitable pattern rational planning is discussed that aims to identify economic social، cultural inequalities and balance different locations in urban areas. In this regard، it is necessary to identify the shortcomings and deficiencies of the blocks in the determined effort to eliminate disparities. Due to importance of urban poverty spatial distribution analysis، the aim of this paper is to analysis of urban poverty spatial distribution and inequality in census block of Kermanshah city in 2006. Quantitative research methods have been applied in this paper. To measure spatial distribution of poverty in Kermanshah، the census data in 2006، 33 indicators used in the factor analysis methods that have been classified on 4 factors. The results have shown that the coefficient of variance of the first factor (Economic - Physical - cultural - social)، is 38. 95% which is the highest inequality indices، Coefficient between the second factors (economic) and third (economic factors - physical) 32. 96 percent compared with the other indicators are more homogeneous fourth factor (physical) as well as the inequality index - with 38. 81 percent is ranked in second. With integration of 4 factors together، these results were obtained: 1687 blocks، or 21% percent very poor، 1744 Block or 22% percent poor، 2392 blocks or 29% average، 1653 block or 20% affluent، 612 blocks or 8 percent percentages are very affluent. The results show that there are disparities between the blocks in Kermanshah، where crystallization of social، Economic، Cultural، physical distinctions have been seen، additionally، unequal economical، social and cultural opportunities between residents of Kermanshah were found.

One of the most important stage in targeting the Subsidies، is identifying eligible households receive subsidies and transfer payments. The method involves classifying households in the first stage، and applying Proxy Mean Test for clusters and households who live below the poverty line in the second stage. The Results have shown that in both urban and rural areas، first -class households need support. High percentage of households headed by women (their breadwinner are women)، the low employment and high level of illiteracy among households headed، large household size، high dependency burden are some featuring of households in this study. By implementing Two-Stage Identification method، exclusion error is negligible and this method is more efficient than proxy mean test.

Several definitions of poverty have been presented with different natures in respect to methodology. Moreover، various methods of measuring the minimum livelihood have done. One of the specific definitions among them is the relative poverty line which refers to disability of households to provide a specific level of life standards، seems necessary and favorable. In this research linear expenditure system for evaluating minimum livelihood was used and the portion of Iranian indigent families examined. Resulted coefficients of marginal tendency towards expenditure for commodity groups indicate that this coefficient for commodity groups of Houses and Foods is greater than other commodity groups. It means existing poverty in the society، therefore calculated poverty line for 2010 is equal to 3506960. 3 Rails. The results show that the commodity group of recreation belongs to normal and luxury goods while the other belongs to normal and necessary goods. The results were concluded from the calculation of poverty line which indicates an increase in annual minimum livelihood of families. To be mentioned the estimated numbers based on this method can be greater with respect to a two- digit inflation rate for the economy of Iran and surprising policies of Central Bank and government. Accordingly، we suggest adopting vulnerable household''s protection policies and distributive aims in order to decrease the poverty line and to improve the household’s welfare.

Poverty has always been as a global challenge to the human societies and measuring the poverty and the ways of alleviating or eliminating the poverty are highly important in the literature of development economics. Due to the importance and need of tackling the poverty crisis، in one hand، and the importance of determining the people eligible for receiving the safety and social programs، on the other hand، there is need for measuring poverty at the society level. In this research، an estimation on the subsistence level of poverty and its trend in Kurdistan province urban areas over 1375-1378 has been conducted. The needed data include data on expenditures percentiles، statistics related to urban households expenses، and price indexes of goods and services of the urban areas of the Kurdistan province disaggregated at 8 commodity groups. For estimation of the subsistence level the method of Habit Least Expenditure System (HLES) which is mainly based on the Linear Expenditure System Demand. According to the findings، the least subsistence for a typical urban household in Kurdistan province in year 1375 is 4880939 Rials per year or 406745 Rials per month، which increased significantly to 3955095 Rials per year in 1387 or 3296258 Rials per month. During 1375-87 the growth rate of annual poverty line in the urban areas of the province was 19. 4 percent. During this period، except year 1379 in which housing group had the highest share in the subsistence level، in all the other years food stuff had the highest and health had the lowest share.

The purpose of this research is a survey on affecting some factors in quality of children''s living among households in Tehran and a survey on the relation between household characteristics and children poverty in 2008. This study provides detailed picture of child poverty in 22 different districts of Tehran in 2008. To this end، Foster، Greer، Thornback (1984)، Head Count، intensity، and gap poverty index is used. Average severe deprivation rate and absolute poverty rate in areas were collected. Besides Excel and Stata were used in this study. Some of the most important results of this study are as follow: The absolute poverty rate and the deprivation poverty rate of children in female-headed households (women''s Breadwinner) are more likely than male-headed households (men''s Breadwinner) and the severe deprivation rate and absolute poverty rate at the households whose heads have not higher education would be poor. On the other hand، severe deprivation rate and absolute poverty rate at households who have rudeness and addiction are more than the others. The difference between the severe deprivation rate and absolute rate of children poverty is real and true The lowest rate head count، intensity، and gap poverty in education expense، health expense، nutrition، food expense and diversion expense are located in districts 1، 3، and 5. The highest rate of children poverty is located in districts 13، 15 and 18. JEL classification: I 3، I 31، I 32، J 13

Poverty، as one of the initiatory social disorder، is as old as the history of mankind. It can say that many of the social problems of human are as direct result of poverty. Due to its antiquity، it has so deeply penetrated in different societies، and created its own culture among the poor. As an important part of rural development programs some strategies have been allocated to reduction of poverty، such goals can''t be achieved without the cognition the culture of poverty. Hence، we decided to recognize the culture of poverty among villagers، and thus the rural part of Harsin Township was chosen to the study for this phenomenon. The research Method was qualitative by using Snow Boll Sampling method for collecting data which analyzed by Grounded Theory. Deep interview and direct observation were data collection instruments. This study has indicated that it’s a controversy in life styles and methods of peripheral problems in poor villagers; it reveals a type of culture which is called culture of poverty. According to the findings of this study، the culture of poverty among the poor of Harsin is following by: lack of self-respect and family; suspicion and pessimism; determinism; inherited poverty; social isolation; spatial and location isolation; unfavorable economic situation; and lack of social participation. The results were presented for the samples and hereby its validation confirmed in Harsin.

Inequality measurement in a time horizon، using different inequality indices while coupled with the corresponding poverty indices، provide a better understanding of income distribution and hence an appropriate time series data for policy makers in a country. Once high inequality is coincident with chronic and grinding poverty becomes a source of threat for social stability and concerns for policymakers. The main purpose of this study is to measure income inequality for different provinces and regions of Iran from 1984 till 2010. Then inequality is disintegrated into within and between regions inequalities in different provinces and regions. To this end، data from Iran Household Survey is used and processed by an equivalence scale method. Then، inequality based on Gini Coefficient، Atkinsom measure، and Theil statistic is estimated for the provinces and regions. Since duality is one of the basic features of the developing countries، in order to address this problem، trends of inequality measures in rural and urban areas are defined. Findings of the study have shown that inequality was declining till 2005 then it was increasing until 2009 then it declined again in 2010. The highest inequality is registered for Golestan and Sistan va Baloochestan and khorasan Razavi and Markazi Provinces. The highest urban measure، in terms of nine-region country، is for south-Eastern and north-east region. Within group inequality defines overwhelming weight of inequality during the period which implies redistribution policies compatible with the characteristics of each region could be more effective method of narrowing down regional inequalities.

One of the most important controversial issues in economics is economic inequality in the long-term economic growth. Due to the convergence of the idea that the hypothesized absolute convergence is known، the neoclassical growth model of Solow - Swan is expected. The basic assumptions within the model predict economic growth in underdeveloped countries will overtake the developed countries، so that over time، the income inequality between different countries will disappear. In other words، according to this hypothesis، the international poverty should be disappeared by itself.

One of the main fundamental problems (facing economic theory) is reducing the gap in income between rich and poor countries. This question is related to one of the oldest and most controversial issue in the economy which is called the income convergence hypothesis. The growth models such as Solow neoclassical growth model-factor price equalization theorem Swan and Samuelson is predicted.

Time series model results show that only Indonesia، Malaysia، and Turkey have، towards America (a country with a high GDP per capita) are convergent، while other countries have been diverging from it.

In brief، tests of convergence between the country and the other countries which are studied only Bangladesh and Nigeria convergence between Iran and the two countries have been seen.

In recent decades advances in science and technology generate economic growth in many countries. Therefore، some countries which are relatively poor in terms of natural resources، by using modern knowledge and technology، have made a big jump in the national economy. This instrument in efforts to create new branches of economics، as is knowledge based economy. This article estimates knowledge base economy indicators for the provinces of Iran on statistics of 1386. The estimation methodology for knowledge which is introduced by the World Bank، have been used. In addition to the World Bank methodology، we have also taken advantage of factor analysis method. The results have shown that 4 provinces such as Tehran، Esfehan، Yaz and Semnan being top in term of the indicators which mentioned. While some provinces like Sistan va Balochestan، Hormozgan and Azarbayjan Gharbi stood on the lower place. The results of this study have indicated that، in terms of indicators، in addition to being with lower ranking in the world، the domestic resources and the knowledge based economy indicators are not distributed properly.

Fertility Rate (FR) is one of the most important sensitive indicators of the socio -economic and health Status of a community. This is because more than any other age-group of a population، infant’s survival depends on the socioeconomic conditions of their environment. It is one of the components of United Nations human development index (UN، 2007). Hence its description is very vital for evaluation and planning of the public health strategies. One of the most important items in the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) is to balance between Sanitation and Educational Indexes with Fertility Rate. Universally، there is huge literature that focused on the determinants of Sanitation and Educational Indexes and Fertility Rate. Most of the studies have shown there are significant association between socioeconomic، demographic factors and infant-child mortality. The type of research is applied and the Method of data collection is documentary and data is analyzed by TOPSIS model. This research has done in related to sanitation and educational indexes with fertility rate in Iran''s province s. The Iran''s province classified by total fertility rate and so on ranking sanitation and educational situation. Finally، the relation between them has explained. This study is an analytical cross-sectional study through secondary data analysis of the 2012 Iran Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS) dataset for children. To knowing the reasons of population growth، demographers need to understand population growth factors. Population and its problems are multidimensional and confusion in any society that effect on economic، social، cultural، political، etc. there isn’t any dimensional stability for definition of population problems such as fertility rate and for dimensional definition cannot use special factor. In other way there aren’t scientific and sustainable relations between population variables. There are some causes that increase the total fertility rate، however this causes that decrease the total fertility rate. Research finding show: 1- Sestan and Balochestan، Southern Khorasan and Hormozgan province are at the highest level in total fertility rate. And so on Mazandaran، Tehran، and Gilan province are at the lowest level in total fertility rate. 2- Tehran، Khorasan Razavi and Mazandaran province have the highest rank in sanitation services and so on Eastern Azarbayejan، Ardebil and Westernt Azarbayejan have the lowest rank in these services. 3- Gilan، Tehran، and Hamedan province have the highest rank in educational services and so on Eastern Azarbayejan، Westernt Azarbayejan and Ardebil province have the lowest rank in these services. 4- There aren’t correlation coefficient between educational and sanitation- hygiene variables with total fertility rate.

The interactions of girl and boy before marriage are one of our current society complex phenomenons that are constantly controlled and limited and it is influenced by culture، religion، and customs of the society. Social-psychological Factors and needs are caused of such relationships. Purpose of this paper is to identify the influencing factors of this phenomenon. The present study has been conducted by survey. The samples are based on the Cochran formula 240 students of Yazd University Who were selected by relative stratified sampling. Data was collected through researcher questionnaire was made، then date was analyzed by the SPSS software and the results achieved by using test t، correlation and regression. The findings show that more than 60% of respondents have positive attitudes towards marriage relationships before marriage، although، 22/5 % of respondents don’t have relations with the opposite sex. Also، 36/7 percent of respondents have relations with one person and 27 percent of them experienced with more than one person. The Tendency to before marriage relations has had positive relation with family income and father ''s education and person age and negative relation with levels of religiosity، good relations with parents and the average of the University. Although، there wasn''t a significant correlation with income، education، and average. Also، regression explain ed that approximately explain variables two emotional need and religious 27% of changes of tendency to before marriage relation.

The purpose of this study is a comparative survey of attitude toward police aggression، and frustration tolerance between delinquent and normal groups. The samples are two separated groups، one group is، 100 delinquent boys and 30 delinquent girls and the others group contained 100 boys and 30 student girls (they aren''t delinquent). That design of this research is ex-post factor، and theoretical model of this research is containment theory. Besides، questionnaire of attitude toward police، aggression، and frustration tolerance test was used The findings have shown، the attitude toward police in normal group is positive than delinquent group. Aggression level in delinquent group is higher than normal group. Frustration tolerance in normal group is higher than delinquent group. Attitude toward police in normal girls is positive than other groups. Frustration tolerance in normal boys is higher than other groups. Between frustration tolerance and aggression in normal girls and delinquent boys there is a significant relationship.

In this research the effective factors on the Sense of insecurity are identified. Then on this basis with a preventive outlook، scientific and applied tactics are presented. Crime and the sense of insecurity in urban neighborhoods، particularly in large cities and metropolitan areas have been the main concern of both citizens and local authorities. Nowadays the insufficiency of the social sanctions and penalties regarding to the prevention and remedial measures of deviant behaviors and crimes in human societies resulted in a very rapid increase in the incidence of all types of crimes almost everywhere، both in less and highly developed industrialized countries. The aim of this research is to study; the sources of crimes، types of crimes and the factors which bring about unsafe and insecure environment in urban communities. To find an appropriate strategy to face with such a social obstacle is another part of the aim of this research. Urban spaces are the places which should bring about the feeling of pleasure and happiness for the citizens and improve the quality of life standards in urban communities. This can be possible only through designing and implementing a kind of comprehensive crime prevention plans and programs in large cities، particularly for their urban spaces. For this purpose، urban planners and social workers have to arrange team work of specialists in the related expertise and institutions to study and review the methods، policies، techniques and experiences of other societies all over the world. Then، they can present the optimum plan and framework for the practical measures regarding secure urban spaces. The main goal of the present research has been introducing the most appropriate strategies to recognize the methods of prevention of Insecurity in urban locals. To get this goal، the related theories reviewed and fieldwork research has also been performed. The research method of this study is a survey kind. The study population of this research includes the residents of the neighborhoods of the 17 district of Tehran. Methodology of the research is based on descriptive analysis. The data have been gathered through field research، interview and filling out the related questionnaires. The respondents have been selected among the residents of the neighborhoods of the 17th. Region of the City of Tehran were selected as the site of the research. A part of the needed data and information and documents have been collected from libraries. After making a list and confirming the validity of questions by professors، its reliability was confirmed through alpha Coefficient. This information is gathered by systematic interviews. For data analysis and testing the hypothesis F، chi-square () were used for describing the study population and from descriptive statistics. Spss software type 15. 0 was used for data''s reductions. According to statistical analysis of the data، the main result was obtained: higher feeling of security among citizens in those places with more public spaces and amenities have been much more than those areas which had been vacant or have had less public spaces and facilities (i. e. Mix land use). The results also show that those places of the area under research which were dispersed and far from sight of the people have been used by the consumers of all types of drugs، particularly at the sunset and late evening. While those places which are crowded due to various kind of land use such as shops، mosques، main streets، well-lighted open spaces، etc. have been free from criminals as those places are always under the direct watch and inspection of the citizens. The results also indicated that 40 percent of the incidence of crimes was related to the drugs. Another important result is that like other socio-economic، political or hygienic issues، “prevention is better than cure” and applying the policy of “Nip in the bud” can play a very positive and effective role in keeping our neighborhoods far from crimes and criminals. To attain more secure and safe urban environment، we have to practice our social laws and regulations more strictly and vigorously. To get to such a condition، local authorities and other governmental and semi governmental organizations have to be supported by the citizens in various ways. For instance، the municipality ought to try to enhance the lighting of the streets، recreation areas، isolated corners، parks، bridges، etc. and put more policemen to control indefensible places of the neighborhoods at nights. This will be good to some extent to reduce the incidence of crimes; but will not be enough. Here the citizens themselves have to participate with the police via watching and inspecting their living environment carefully and responding to the authorities regarding what might be happened as deviancies or crimes in their living territories. The results showed that crime preventive measures in urban spaces can be very effective in enhancing the urban life security and safer urban environment for the citizens.

The aim of this study is exploring the resiliency process in Darrvaze Ghar neighborhoods of Tehran teenagers and youths with the substance abuse through discovering dimensions of experiences. The present research was carried out by using a methodology of qualitative research using grounded theory based on Strauss and Corbin’s approach. The study focused on Darrvaze Ghar neighborhoods of Tehran in 2011. Data was collected through open unstructured interviews and focus group discussion. In total، 14 interviews with 12 teenagers/youths were held and focused group discussion was held with 7 participants. Findings of the research have shown that 5 major elements are affecting the resiliency process of teenager and youths with the substance abuse as fallow: 1) Targeted efforts and hope for the future to identity achievement 2) Employing strategies to maintain their 3) For overcome cultural factor and social nasty stigma، underdevelopment، risky environmental and concern of safety issues 4) Identity achievement 5) Experiencing facilitator and confounding factors. The most important part of the other elements around it is identity achievement. The result uncovered، be confirming، the achieve meaning of life، achieve success are issues that are formed and resulted through process of resiliency with the drug abuse. Resiliency process of Darvaze Ghar teenager and youths are begging from training childhood and with efforts to overcome obstacle and achieve success will be continued.