فصلنامه رفاه اجتماعی
پیاپی 5 (پائیز 1381)

In today world it is impossible to provide seperate programs and goals for social, economic and cultural terms. Economic growth achievement is not absolutely accesable, but it is followed with other disorders such as social and cultural ones that will make obstacles in the way of improvement. Meanwhile, the economic growth is based on high quality of profit which is in contrast with profiteering and there is no relation to democracy and contribution. This sort of growth needs honest, professional people and democratic policy in order to be able to improve and maintain for a long time. In reality, such achievements are a base for development programs and policies. It doesn’t even mean to limit the capitals within lire western frame work and statistic relations prove this fact that there is no must to accept the liberal policy. Cultural promotion can be gained with replacing cmbalances with justice, contribution, etc, and will lead to cultural development. Financial growth will be irresistible if it isn’t joined with democracy and, justice. The changes along history represent this combination anti relation, even unknown, but it was a part of conflicts anti interactions, anti is moving ahead with this force. But bourgeois ideology that is mainly based upon profiteering behaves as an interference and an alert reaction in history framework will help a Iot.

Human beings faced economic problems first, some 900 Thousand years ago, when forced out of Africa due to resource shortage compared to their numbers and needs. The start of a communal life some 40 Thousand years ago, gave them more protection and strength and their numbers, as well as their needs increased further. The term Oikonomos meaning prudent management of the household resources and means was coined in Greece, when individuals formed families and forced to take care of their own material affairs, perhaps some three thousand years ago, when they enjoyed their freedoms in city state political units. Human beings struggle to gain back some of their political economic freedoms took them more than two thousand years, and still only a small number of them called entrepreneur managed to gain power and position to run their own affairs and lead the way to early forms of democratic governments and a more or less free enterprise system with all its shortcomings. It has taken the individual citizen, the worker, the wage earner almost another one hundred years to have a real saying in the formation of governments, and in their duties and responsibilities towards the people specially those in need. Today in a democratic society, with an economy controlled anti managed by the people, social security of all the people even of the under privileged groups is of prime importance. The combination of democracy and free enterprise has made continuous economic growth and prosperity a reality in a large part of the world. People in Industrial countries in particular, with the highest gains, can afford to think more and more of their own well being and the well being of their fellow countrymen. Incomes are. growing fast anti a larger and larger portion of it is set aside for social security and welfare, people, aside from housing life insurance, and numerous savings, pay more anti more for health insurance, covering not only illnesses, injuries, operations hospitalizations, drugs, rehabilitation needs, also the loss of income for the time spent to recover and go back to work. Governments in countries with free enterprise systems, have made mandatory, a lot of social security coverage. People themselves have aungmented those coverage by devising new programs, new institutions, as well as new instruments. Put together, People living in democratic societies with free enterprise system, today have "safety nets" providing, them with Pensions unemployment insurance, health insurance, old age]tension, casualties, job hazards and many more coverage for the employed. There are many programs to help the blind, the poor, families with dependent children the head start for preschool poor children, the food stamp for the poor, child care for working mothers, housing for the low income families and the homeless. There are also supplemental security income, mediaids and medi care programs and so on, for low income families, which of course dose not mean that the coverage is universal anti everybody in need is being help out. A developed economy with a more or less free enterprise system allocates between 10 to 15 percent of its GDP directly for health related services and the government share is increasing much faster than of the private sector. The safety net contains many diversified programs to meet the new emerging needs, under a new industrial - social environment. A comprehensive social security and welfare scheme is a luxurious but necessary consumer product, provided only by free enterprise in a democratic society, where the social conscience have the chance to germinate.

"Local Council" is one of the most important aspects of Producing social capital and represents the samples of people presence and existence. Such as identification of a system, the identification of social rules is composed of their ingredients interactions in the form of society, anti is based on social culture, character anti destiny. Under only influence and pressure that may lead to this legalization, it may disturb the identification due to some interactions that according to researchers would be the point of success anti survives of local council. This collection tries to examines the Islamic Councils from Tehran Municipality view point,... and report their capacities and abilities in order It, survive.

Although marriage is considered as a process of making a sacred family, but it seems that it can’t be gained through fabulist minds. This article, perhaps, is the scream of all the girls and their parents who under the title of "Sacred family", have sold themselves in their first embracing with someone with the cheapest price. In this way, the girls who have practiced obscenity in their families tried to scape from their houses or agreed with an inappropriate marriage to run away from their houses. These just married girls had to suffer the addicted husbands who had a keen interest to drugs rather than the family. This article is and evidence for the government who consider their ignorance as nonexistence with using phrases such as "sacred family" and have forgotten all their responsibilities.

A- The goal of this survey is to negotiate the causes of inereasment of psycho-social problems in the adolescence Field. We have purposed to evaluate and calegortize 95 persons who were self - refered or refrnal from legal system to crisis - intervention of welfare organization. These Persons were classified into three groups through neurologic - psychologic - psychiatric approach: 1- Adolescence anti Risk - Taking behaviors of Identity crisis. 2- Delinquency 3- Prostitution: B- Results of approach: 1- %30.53 (:)!' cases were sub classified under diagnosis of Risk - Taking behavior, identity crisis (which are temporary and abating increasing of age) and Family, supportive system problems. 2- %16.84 of cases were sub classified under diagnosis of conduct disorder. Borderline and antisocial personality disorder. 3- %13 cases were sub classified under diagnosis of Major or minor- psychiatric disorders such as psychoses. Major Mood Disorders and IQ deliciencies.

The present study aims to assess psychological characteristics (Sensation seeking and it’s components, IQ, Self-esteem and Identity status) of prostitute women in comparison with normal women. The hypotheses of this study are as follow: 1- Prostitute women tire higher than normal women in sensation seeking are. 2- Prostitute’s IQ is lower than whom normal women. 3- Prostitute women have lower self-esteem in comparison with normal women. 4- Identity status of prostitute women is significantly differ from whom normal women. In this purpose, 60 prostitute women (aged 15-35 years old) participated in this study that were selected from the Ministry of health’s rehabilitation center, and from females who were taken prisoner in Evin. The comparison group participants were chosen from normal females who are living in Tehran. Two groups were matched in important variables (age, grade, and socio-economical conditions). All participants completed Zukerman’s Sensation Seeking Scale, Progressive Raen’s Matrices, Cooper Smith's Sell-Esteem Questionnaire anti (EOM-EI S2). In order to examine the hypothesises, statistical methods such as Independent Samples T-Test and Chi-Square (x2) were used. The results indicates that the sensation seeking total score and disinhibition, boredom susceptibility and experience seeking scores in prostitutes women were significantly higher than the normal women but significant differnces were not found in thrill and adventure seeking component among two groups. Also, prostitute women were evaluated lower in IQ and self-esteem than normal women, prostitute’s identity status wasn’t significantly different of those normal women.

Despite the absence of research - based information, it seems that the incidence trend of running away in Iranian girls has increased in last years. Although the running away is not equivalent the occurrence of survival sex, it should be considered as a serious impact of tuning away in girls. So, the researchers and decision - makers in the field of prostitution should pay a special attention to this sub group of population. This paper as a part of "A survey on runaway girls project", presents some related aspects of survival sex Such as the pattern of sexual contacts, simultaneous behavioral problems, utilization pattern of health services, psychological problems and knowledge, attitude and practice about prevention of AIDS. The methods consists of a survey on 110 subjects anti FGD technique in 4 groups. About half of the subjects had been experienced the. survival sex after running away from home. 60 percent of this cases had been experienced it during first week after running away. The accessibility of subjects to health services was insufficient. They had low level of knowledge, inappropriate attitude and unacceptable practice about prevention of AIDS. Finally, in this paper the principle of preventive strategies are discussed and some research subjects in the field of survival sex in runaway girls are suggested.

The issues that arise in this articles are the causes and the bases of social - and sexual - devience according to a sociological point of view. Then a search through a number of 350 files of sexual - crimes in Babol, declares the causes on a sociological point of view, cultural transmission & contrast theory. In assessment during this research regarding age, sex & occupation as the main criteria estimates that 18% of sexual crimes among men & 58% of the same crimes among women occur before the age of 19. Besides, 64% of the sexual - crimes of men & 14% of women are committed between 20-29. A، deep concern of this article to occupation status shows that 55%, of men exist as shopkeepers, employees & drivers. However 25% of theirs committed fellows are low workers & 35% as students commit such crimes. Therefore, we get strong sense of-' the core bases including coincidence of age - groups, economical straits & poverty that have brought tire sexual - devience into existence.

The narcotic drugs business find its abusement, nowadays, have been one of the most basic political, economic, health, cultural anti-family disorders in almost all over the world. Despite all technologic anti cultural developments, it seems that the tendency and interest of producers, distributors and users of these drugs in all different age levels are growing up increasingly. Unfortunately, this humanity disaster is deeply accessable. Even international statics approve increasing rate of using these drugs despite of all the informing efforts done to prevent people. In some cases, this disorder has put the political, economic and social security of the countries at risk. The international reports dealing with the narcotic drugs abusement, represent no ideal 0r even suitable solution that can be used in a total condition. It is obvious that having basic information and updated one and make it accessable for experts and programmers in reginal and international levels would be of good steps taken against the drugs. This article is considering two international reports about different economic, military and etc. viewpoints of narcotic drugs market which is provided by United Nations Drug Control Programs in order to be of great help of those who are involved with it.