فصلنامه رفاه اجتماعی
پیاپی 50 (پاییز 1392)

To identify of motivates and barriers to growth is one of the most important issues in the economic growth literature. Introducing endogenous growth models by Lucas (1988) and Romer (1989) and the development of this theory in the 1990s، making it possible to include economical، political and social variables in economic theories to test them empirically. Corruption is one of the most important variables in the economic development literature and it is mentioned as a barrier to economic growth and versus social capital is known as Stimulus for economic growth. In the present study، a conceptive literature review of the relationship between corruption and economic growth، social capital and corruption is studied and the effect of social capital on the economic growth is investigated too. Therefore، by specification of a system of simultaneous equations، fundamental factors affecting corruption، the relation among social capital، economic freedom، economic inequality and government size with corruption and their relationship with economic growth was estimated. At first، the relationships between variables are depicted in two-dimensional space in R software like as quantiles regressions. Cross section data 2007 and three-stage least square (3SLS) is used for estimation of the simultaneous equations system. The corruption has negative effect on economic growth، and social capital has negative effect on economic growth. The latter negative effect implies a positive effect of social capital on economic growth. Accumulation of social capital، economic freedom and growth of the labor force acted as a stimulus to economic growth، and versus the spread of corruption and income inequality has acted as a barrier to economic growth. So governments can adopt policies to reduce social inequality and corruption، and encourage capital accumulation toward the goal of economic growth.

Prevention and control of violence against women in their homes and its individual and social outcomes، needs an appropriate recognition of the situation، etiology and results of the problem. The paper tried to present a realistic picture of violence against women in Iran based on results of domestic violence researches. Data of 49 Farsi and English language papers on Violence against women in Iran which have published in Iranian and non Iranian Sicientific journals between 2001 and 2008 and indexed in scientific information database، was extracted، classified and analyzed. Prevalence of Violence against women in homes had a range of 17. 5%-93. 6%. The most prevalent form of violence in general population was mental abuse and the least was sexual abuse. Besides it seems that a combination of individual، situational، social and cultural factors played role in etiology of violence. A wide range of domestic violence against women could be basically result of variant methodologies of researches including different definitions of violence، research populations، instruments and difference in settings of data gathering.

Child abuse not only attack on the today and yesterday children، but makes the faint-hearted adults، humiliation and low self-esteem، which or become isolated individual or to take revenge toward community. This study tries to examine the phenomenon of child abuse، family factors that influence on the base the theoretical framework. The method adopted for this study، was to conduct a survey. Data has been collected by a questionnaire and multistage sampling. Statistical populations are high school first grade students in Shahriyar city that three hundred seventy two of them have been selected by Cochran formula. Pearson’s correlation coefficient، Analysis of Variances، Multivariate Regression and Path Analysis have been used for data analysis and test of hypotheses. The results show that the score of the construct of social isolation، disorder relationships، economic status and family size predict a significant proportion of the variance in the prediction of child abuse in the family. In the research، Variable of disorder relationships in families is highest impact factor and also has with the economic situation variable، in addition to direct effects، indirect effects on the dependent variable. The results of this study show that the statistics of child abuse in general، compared with other studies do not show decreased، but The findings of this study reflect a significant difference between the results of some other studies have observed and it is that (emotional) Soft child abuse (emotional) in this study have been overcome on hardware (physical) child abuse.

The concept of «social capital» that is due to the nature container with almost all areas of humanitarian issues and social issues، including the social damage and deviance، especially، can relate. With regard to interaction effects، the study examined the relationship between social capital and deviance. This survey study among 384 male students 15-18 years of a three Tehran areas 22-fold since the accident has been selected. Questionnaires were used to collect information on the reliability and validity have been reported For data analysis of the correlation، linear regression and key Square Independence is used. Findings show that 95percent ratio between social capital and all the dimensions of social capital such as partnership، trust، social support and solidarity as well as interactions with others to deviance، there are significant negative relationship. Also، age، grade and socio-economic Base as Underlying variables with the coefficient statistically significant 95% relative to the relationship shown. whatever the correlation between youth، parents، adults counterpart is more، young people more interested in school outbreak and other social acceptable activities and are rarely they may deviate. The survey results show that، whatever their new social structure have higher social capital، is this variable as a collection of valuable resources such as social support، psychological and financial، sense of belonging، Dependence and participation in various aspects of social life for their existence the social health of individuals in the new society will be better.

Despite the legal and moral sanctions against infidelity and reported negative attitudes، the ubiquity of infidelity in the our country is difficult to deny. There are a vast number of magazine articles، news stories، and films shows that deal with the subject. Due to the growing prevalence and negative effects of marital infidelity، Understanding the complex relationships among selected individual and relationship variables that contribute to infidelity it is important And help predict its occurrence. If infidelity can be predicted، then more effective prevention also may be possible. The main goal of the present research recognizing the fundamental factors of marital Infidelity in order to develop prevention programs or clinical treatment of couples and families who are challenged with infidelity. This study adopts a qualitative approach which is beneficial for exploring the in-depth meanings that individuals attach to their relationships. Qualitative methods offer the best techniques with which to study my research questions، because the purpose of this research is to explore the why''s of extramarital relationships. Qualitative methods allow the researcher to develop a level of detail about the individual or place and to be highly involved in actual experiences of the participants. I decided to employ the grounded theory approach Because the purpose of the study was to obtain a thorough and in-depth understanding of extramarital relationships. This approach was most suitable to get to the heart of private and volatile matters. Interviews were also conducted with spouses of individuals who engaged in an affair. My role as the researcher was to guide، rather than dominate، the interviews which allowed for a more informal approach. This provided a more comfortable atmosphere with which to discuss sexuality، which can be a very sensitive and personal topic. The population covered in this project of married men who had actually experienced infidelity in a marriage. The sample used in this study consisted of 40 married men Engage in Marital Infidelity. The purpose of the research was to gain a more thorough understanding of what happens in a marriage when infidelity occurs. Interviews were conducted over the course of one year، commencing on Mars، 2011، and concluding on Jan، 2011. The present study will be limited to only sexual infidelity. It is recognized that infidelity that involves consensual sexual behavior with one or more people other than ones spouse that the participant does not want their spouse to know about. Demographic information، such as age، length of marriage، education، occupation، age when married and number of children was collected. The participants ranged in age from 26 to 65، with a mean age of 38. 9. Age 42% of respondents were under 35. Majority of the respondents (84%) having children and 16% who did not. 30% of the respondents were employee، 20 % were seller، 18% were driver and 10% were Self Employed. 12. 5% of the respondents and 15% of their spouse had experience of suicide. 11% of the participants had experience of druge abuse، 10% tobacoo and 26% alcohol. Finding showed that there is evidence that marital satisfaction and sexual satisfactionare all related to infidelity. Majority of men who engaged in infidelity are more to report lower levels of sexual satisfaction. So، the relationship between sexual satisfaction is stronger for men. Most of participant had permissive attitudes toward infidelity. Not only those who are dissatisfied with their marriage seeking extramarital partners but that other factors، such as opportunity، may be involved. Teaching social skills and raise the awareness can be very effective in preventing of marital infidelity.

Interdiction: The consistency and stability of a society depend on the law that without abiding order and security will not achieve. Several and various factors involve in process of law-abiding of people. The aim of this study is recognition and analysis of law-abiding rate and influencing factors among Yazd City citizens. The theories of sociology were used for explaining the citizen''s law-abiding. Statistical group are all marital citizens of Yazd City that randomly 362 persons were selected and then analyzed. This study has survey method and researcher made questionnaire with suitable validity and reliability as tool for collecting data. The important results indicate: The existence of a significant relationship between age، education، socio-economic status and law-abiding. But no indication of a relationship was seen between sex، occupational situation and law-abiding. In addition، Pearson''s correlation indicates the existence of direct significant relationship between religiousness، social capital، attitude to law، social control، distributive justice and law-abiding. But، existence of inverse significant relationship between anomie and law-abiding. The regression analysis also indicate the five variables of religiousness، social capital، social control، age and distributive justice، respectively، explain the 31. 7 percent of variance of dependent variable. The effective factors on law-abiding incloud the numerous and various set of demographic and social and situational variables. Therefore، to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of this area، it is needed to take a multifaceted approach that to incloud all of these factors.

Interdiction: Statement of issue: Today، addiction is one of the most essential social problems. Several factors influence the tendency of people، especially the young''s who abuse drugs Parents who abuse drug or are addicted، especially fathers، can cause familial distortion and tendency of other family members to addiction. However، in these families، there are people who despite parents with substance abuse and addiction problems، are resident to addiction and so they have resiliency to the dugs. This study examined the relationship of social control and social support with resiliency against drug abuse in the children of addicted fathers. Design was case - control. Sampling was non-randomized. Data gathered through both social control and social support questionnaires and a demographical researcher- made scale. Data were analyzed by Chi-square test، independent sample t-test and logistic regression. Social commitment، social isolation، attitude to drug abuse، use of recreational facilities، cultural and social support، were significantly higher in resilient Group than in non-resilient (control)، group. There was not any difference between two groups about social control. Logistic regression analysis of variables revealed that social control، attitude to drug abuse and using recreational - cultural facilities are predictors of resiliency against drug abuse. The results of this study suggest that social control، attitude to drug abuse and recreational - cultural facilities are major determinants of resiliency against drug abuse in the sons of fathers who are addicted.

the present study aimed to examine the impact of cognitive-behavioral group social work interventions on social adjustment of delinquent children. in this experimental research (pre-test and post-test design with control group)، 40 delinquent children were selected from Tehran rehabilitation of young offenders'' center and randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. The study repeated for 12-14 and 15-18 years old children. The experimental groups participated in social work group for 9 sessions and the control groups received no intervention. To gathering information we used from Bell Adjustment Questionnaire and to analysis the data independent T test were used. The findings indicated that the application of cognitive-behavioral group social work had significant effects on social adjustment of 15-18 years old children. So conduction of a group social work model to improve social adjustment of delinquents is possible. This model can be helpful in schools، rehabilitation centers or social work clinics in probation services.

Organizational citizenship behavior is one of the important factors in organizational performance and productivity. The aim of current research was to investigate The Role of Perceived Organizational Justice، organizational norms and personality characteristics on attitude to organizational citizenship behavior. Design of this research was semi-experimental. Participants randomly selected from employees of Oghab Afshan Company (only men) and arranged in 8 groups. With regards to subgroups analysis، sample size، estimated 120 participants. Participants responded individually to IPIP personality questionnaire، and then organizational norms and justice manipulated by vignettes، and at last participants answered to organizational citizenship behavior checklist. Data was analyzed with multivariate analysis of covariance. Results indicated that organizational justice (corporative interpersonal)، organizational norms (encouragementdisencouragement)، and personality characteristics (conscientiousnessagreeableness) have effect on attitude to organizational citizenship behavior. Although type and rate of effects differs depend on organizational or interpersonal situation، and person or organization direct citizenship behavior. organizational justice is a key and effective variable in organizational citizenship behavior. This finding is consistant with researches and presented models such as Adams equality theory.

Problem statement: “Sense of Social Belonging” is one of the human basic needs which is the outcome of social relationships and may have generally many impacts on social pathologies and specifically on local deviations. The aim of the present study is examining and identifying the relationship between municipality performance and citizenship commitments and sense of social belonging in the neighborhood and also identifying the mediating mechanisms. The method of this article is survey and a self-made questionnaire was used to gather information. The statistical population in this study is Tehran citizens who are over 18 years old and live in the 10 district of Tehran. Regarding the research facilities and limitations، 150 people were selected as the sample and 15 people were assigned to each neighborhood using stratified sampling. SPSS and LISREL were used for data analysis. Multiple regression was used for data analysis. Findings showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between municipality performance and citizenship commitments and sense of social belonging which may increases informal social control and reduces local deviation in the urban neighborhoods. Sense of social belonging is influenced by different factors such as citizenship commitments and the quality of urban services. This sense may be enhanced by planning to improve quality of urban services and citizenship commitments and it may leads to reduction of local deviations.

The present research has studied the worry among elite university students. There are few studies that survey the normal worry in non-clinical population. Since in this research the reasons and stubs of worry of elite university students who are non-clinical، gifted people is studied، due to by knowing these، their capacities can be more bud. Present study is a qualitative and descriptive-Analytic research. Studied sample consisted of 18 university students (7 medical students and 11 engineer students) who were selected by purposive sampling. The instrument used was semi-structured interview. Data were analyzed with content analyze of inductive-deductive method. The outcome showed that reasons of worry in elite students Arises from multiple factors which some of them are common among two groups، including: worry for lack of suitable context for out breaking of their capacities، worry for expecting social dignity، worry of lack of idealistic education facilities. Some of reasons particularly were seen in medical students such as worry for study in higher levels and economic issues. Worry for lack of suitable context for out breaking capacities was observed in all of students. Unavailable of background for using taught knowledge as well as appearance of abilities are the main reasons of worry in elite students. These factors have direct relation with self-actualization. In fact elite students worry because they predict that there is not condition for them to being creative and to emersion their abilities. On the other side elite students view themselves، able for solving the minimum things، because they believe current circumstances of society and affective factors on their futures are too uncontrollable.

The need to have a safe relationship with other people is something substantial. On the basis of the fact that human beings have various lingual، ethnical، cultural، social as well as economical differences، social leniency is supposed to be the only way to provide a sound relationship without existence of any type of quarrel among people. The significance of attention to such a concept، as a topic of research، can be demonstrated with consideration of Iran’s historical diversity and its engagement in the process of modernization as well. while the review of previous related researches has been performed through documentary method، the needed data was achieved via distribution of 406 questionnaires among people above 18 living in Isfahan. social Tolerance is not equal to state of being indifference nor is it the acceptance of opponent ideas due to inability or being under any external force. In contrast to what stated above، Tolerance will become meaningful through one’s rejection of applying changes or making objections in the condition of facing with an opposite standpoint without showing any attempt of nullification of opponent ideas or viewpoints. peoples’ social leniency، with its large conceptual scope، is deeply affected by various variables such as the learning based upon family socialization as well as different types of awareness emerging from cultural relations.