فصلنامه رفاه اجتماعی
پیاپی 54 (پاییز 1393)

The process of industrialization and rapid growth during the last half century cause a sharp difference between urban and rural quality of life in less developed countries, including Iran, to resolve problems and respond to the needs of the negative effects of living in rural and urban settlements has pursued several policies that are most important to the creation and development of small towns. Experts pay attention quality of life as livability, welfare, social welfare, happiness, satisfaction. Proponents of the theory of the development of small towns provided that if needs achieved in small towns migration routes have changed and in smaller towns instead of big cities will be the final destination of rural migrants. The result of the research is the economic and social dimensions respectively are in average satisfaction index of 504/0 and 484/0 expressing satisfaction level is relatively undesirable. Pooled results showed that satisfaction with the quality of life in the settlements studied in the time before the city is located in a relatively unfavorable, coefficient of 489/0, 480/0 were obtained in cities of Banak and Bordekhun relatively. But in time after city the satisfaction level enhanced to the appropriate and the coefficients of the Banak and Bordekhun 698/0 and 704/0 was obtained respectively. In most developing countries, due to the decentralized policies in settlement system for make balance in the land, adopted different strategies in the population distribution and urbanization such as inhibiting the abnormal growth of large cities, reducing regional disparities and urban- Rural dichotomy, create new jobs, improve quality of life in urban and rural areas, reducing the rural exodus to the cities.

Economic development and improvement in life quality is the main objective of all societies in all levels. To this end، it is necessary to have a better understanding of factors affecting individual life quality. Quality of Life Index (QLI) is a suitable tool that reflects socio-economic condition of a society. Thus، QLI can be employed as a major tool in local and national development plans. Human capital، however، has a vital role in life quality through which development is affected. In this paper، the relationship between human capital (represented by the graduated people in bachelors، master and PhD) and QLI in all Iranian provinces is studied. To this end، using time series data of all provinces during the period of 2003-2009، and employing fixed effect in panel data model، the effect of human capital on QLI of all provinces is examined. The results show that human capital، adult literacy rate and urban population rate have positive and significant effect on QLI of Iranian provinces. However، population has a negative and significant effect on QLI of provinces. The results show that human capital has a significant effect on economic growth and، therefore، on life quality of people. However، the number of postgraduates (master and PhD) has had more effects on life quality compared with graduates (bachelors). Thus، government is suggested to increase investments on higher education if it is to improve life quality of individuals in Iranian provinces.

The purpose of this study is survey relationship between quality of work life, performance, stress, job satisfaction and employee citizenship behavior of Oshnoyehs Hospital staff is. this study is descriptive and correlation. The population is 270 of hospital personnels in 1393. 158 people were selected by random sampling with Morgan. For collection of Information, used questionnaire. For data analysis, descriptive statistics (frequency, range, mean, standard deviation and variance) and inferential statistics (pearson correlation coefficients, t, multiple regression analysis and path analysis) is used. The results showed that the quality of work life, job performance, job stress, job satisfaction and citizenship behavior, there was a significant positive relationship. Also, the quality of working life, the most important variable among the independent variables were able to determine the citizenship behavior of almost 18 percent. Because OCB is completely voluntary behaviors are more influenced by interactions and organizational procedures. Accordingly, it is necessary for managers in how to deal with employees to comply with the equality of organizational citizenship behaviors, increase in staff.

The concept of quality of life at various levels has many applications, and provide a clear and comprehensive definition of it is difficult, which is why these words are still confused on various scientific literature is generally regarded as satisfactory life. Given the importance of the quality of life in different geographical levels in this thesis it is With a view to the neighborhood uprising in district 12 of Tehran criteria and standards defined quality of life be assessed. The method used in this thesis, the variety descriptive - analytic at the same time the number of 320 questionnaires were distributed at the neighborhood level that The questionnaire for this purpose 26 indicators examined in the study, a questionnaire in order to extract factors were assessed. The data analysis software such as SPSS and tested for normality test of data distribution, stepwise regression were used. The results of this study indicate that resident's satisfaction levels rise in the built environment, economic environment and the social environment was low. However, the review and determine the factors that explain life satisfaction in this study, six factors were identified that Determine predictors of life satisfaction in the study area has the greatest impact on economic welfare. The paper identified the economic prosperity, greater functionality than other factors in predicting satisfaction with the quality of life of the residents there

The aim of this Study was to investigate the Factors that impact on the Living Pressures of Female-Headed Households in the cities of Kashan and Aran & Bidgol. This study is based on Survey Method and the Data Collection Tools was Questionnaire. Population Sample of the Research is 206 individuals and the data were collected in June 2013. The Experimental Data showed that: Along with lower Living Satisfaction, Social Trust and Social Support, Living Pressures level goes up, and vice versa. Also, In parallel with the rise in Responsibility and the Number of People Under Supervision, Living Pressures goes up, and vice versa. In the Multivariate Analysis and Path Analysis, Regression Tests showed that: Along with lower Living Satisfaction and Social Support, Living Pressures level goes up, and vice versa. Also, In parallel with the rise in Living Pressures level, Responsibility level goes up, and vice versa. This research suggests that factors such as Lack of Life Satisfaction, Weakness of Social Trust, Weakness of Social Support, and Having so much Responsibilities, lead to increase the amount of Living Pressures in Female-Headed Households lives. These results are consistent with previous theoretical and experimental results of some studies. In other words, Female-Headed Households are living inadequate consent, in relation to Family and Community do not have much confidence, do not get adequate support from Family and Community, have Multiple Roles and Responsibilities in their lives. Hence, feel and endure a lot of Pressure in their lives.

Given the importance of measuring quality of life, as an important outcome for evaluating the health status of individuals as well as assess response to interventions, the need to examine the psychometric characteristics of this questionnaire is evident. In this study the structural validity of the WHOQOL-100 questionnaire, using Rasch analysis has been studied. Population examined in this study included 500 people from physically- movement disabled community that has been selected of Crescent Comprehensive Rehabilitation Center of Tehran. Participants in this study received the WHOQOL-100 questionnaire, which contain 6 subscales, and completed it. Then analysis was performed using Rasch analysis. On each of the dimensions one model of Rasch family models, which is called partial credit model, was fitted and then suitability of the items was considered with using of standard item fit statistics and analysis of differential item functioning. After removing four overall items and then fitting the models separately on each dimension, four items of 12 items of physical health dimension, 14 items of 24 items of mental health dimension, 11 items of 16 items of independence dimension, 7 items of 12 items of social communication dimension, 7 item of 27 items of health environment dimension and 2 items of 4 items of religion, mental status and personal beliefs dimension diagnosed improper and excluded of questionnaire. Reliability indices, including Psi and Cronbach's alpha, were respectively in (0.900, 0.644) and (0.576, 0.878) intervals. The remaining items in each of the dimensions of the WHOQOL-100 questionnaires have been correctly fitted model So they can measure only one aspect of quality of life. For all dimensions, the reliability index PSI, was larger than Cronbach's alpha index.

The subsidy has effects on economic behavior of the households, producers and government with various aspects such as efficiency, inequality and income distribution. The goal of this article is identifying the income distribution and households welfare in the province Fars before and after subsidies targeting in the period of 1387-90. To achieve the goals in this article, we has been used the Gini index and atkinson social welfare function. The results of the Indicators have been calculated with the use of the cost-income household data, shows that the Income decile index and GINI index for urban and rural communities in the years after subsidies targeting are reduced. Finds: The results of Atkinson inequality index are also consistent Gini index result, with this difference, with increasing in inequality aversion parameter, the Atkinson inequality index increases. This means that if policy makers will have efficient targeting subsidies, should be income transfers more from high-income to low-income groups done. Evaluation of welfare changes shows that, household welfare due to inflation and the decline in real income has been declining. Meanwhile the elasticity of welfare than income and inequality in rural areas in all the years is more than the urban areas.

Measures and mechanisms applied in economic corruption in our country indicates that penal populism is an undeniable threat in fighting against this phenomenon. The sensitivity of economic system position and impact of economic corruption on social and political areas along unpleasant consequences of penal populism, is making study of this approach in economic corruption necessary. Method of this research is descriptive analytical study and in data collection laws and regulation and also discoursing of legislative and judicial policymakers has been analyzed. So that the influence of populism on penal policy of Iran about economic corruption will be explained. Following populist penal policy against economic corruption causes Security-Oriented surpassing economic consideration and in substantive penal policy, criminalization and determining punishment are not compatible with Basic principles such as the principle of legality of crimes and punishments. Formation or anticipating new organizations and structures to combat economic corruption after the criminal events without detailed explanation of the functions in many cases is a hasty reaction to economic corruption and it will not even work. Despite the concern about quick combat against economic corruption, lack of predicting specialized Forums and in contrast predicting strategies for quick and out of turn hearing along the policy of disclosing identity of the offenders are instances for populism in com…bating against economic corruption in penal policy of Iran. Certainly the principles of fair trial in such circumstances would not be immune from the threat. Although the close association between the prevalence of economic corruption and declining popularity is undeniable, it doesn’t mean that popular and quick impact measures are efficient in controlling economic corruption. Considering citizens as ultimate victim in economic corruption, providing estimates of the criminal justice system to the public, will reduce their willingness to temporary strict responses.The use of expert opinions on policy making and prioritize prevention and scientific methods in combating economic corruption while involves coordination and efforts of legislative, judicial and executive policy makers, is a significant obstacle in the way of penal populism.

The study of human life has shown that Corruption and administrative Infractions at the beginning of the formation of institutions and organizations has been an Important issues of human societies. However, over time, due to the complexity and entering Different Variable it also has a special aspects. As a result Recognizing the Causer factors, Solutions and procedures to prevent and combat with this phenomenon is important. This study with aim Investigate Infractions and corruption with emphasized the legal and cultural factors in Recreation and Cultural Organization of the Municipality of isfahan with descriptive survey method was conducted. The population study of all Employees Recreation and Cultural Organization of the Municipality of Isfahan The number 480 people formed That the number of farmers by using Morgan Table with Stratified random sampling proportional to size of 214 participants was selected to participate in the study. Measuring instruments questionnaire in two parts, Demographics And identify legal and cultural factors contributing to corruption and administrative irregularities was Five-point Likert scale (strongly agree, agree, no opinion, disagree, totally disagree). The content validity confirmed by using expert opinion and a number of faculty advisors. Its reliability based on Cronbach's alpha Estimated / 87.Research data using by factor analysis and t-test for univariate and multivariate analysis of variance tests were analyzed. The findings showed that the culture of individualism with t=12/69 Culture of consumerism with t=11/58 cultural and institutional factors t=10/91 and culture of connection with t=12/51 All over the average level of risk involved in fraud and corruption. According to the Friedman test, the culture of consumerism, with a mean 70/3, institutional factors, average 22/3, individualistic culture with an average of 22/3 and the culture associated with an average of 10/3 to the highest rank among the influencing factors on fraud and corruption was accounted for. Between respondents based on demographic factors only gender difference was not significant On the formation of various underlying factors involved corruption in organizations that deal with cultural change and organizational components and indicators can be considered as an important preventive factor.

Today the mass media have presence between different societies. In respect of the existing figures and statistics, we can admit the reality that the television it self has allocated the most share in between media technologies. Then in developing and developed societies, the domains which are affected severely by education and media shows are the extent of citizenship awareness, civil behaviours and social participation. On this base and in recent years, there is attention and concentration of researchers and experts- and of course social planners and responsible- on the subject of the effectiveness of media on different people awareness. In this study with exploitating sociologist and communication Sciences theorists theories such as Bal Rocage, Di flor, Porto, Gidenz, Marshal, Falks, and etc. We collect information with survey method. The statistical society was people of Khoram abad city which by using cokran fornula, 382 Person were questioned. These findings show that there totally is a meaningful relation between television in respect of subjects such as extent of television use, content of television programs in three dimensions; civil, political and social with extent of citizenship rights awareness. Comprehensive collecting and planning of awareness making in the context of citizenship rights by television and using different programs, introducing active associations and parties in different fields such as social, political, civil and … By this media to participate the most people I different orders of society, creating citizenship network or social development network to give necessary awareness to people in citizenship components or by creating social- cultural television local networks to expand awareness of citizenship culture between different people in respect of native culture of people can affective in promoting awareness of people I context of citizenship and provide the context for proving democracy and citizenship society

Adaptive ways of coping with stress are as a major component of mental health. The aim of this community based participatory study is to investigate the coping mechanisms in married women in order to develop appropriate intervention programs to promote mental health. This is a descriptive study which investigates the coping mechanisms in 200 married women 18-65 who residents in district 22 of Tehran based on random sampling and participatory approach. The tool is Folkman and Lazarus’ way of coping questionnaire. Findingss: Most ways used to deal with stress, was planful problem solving and less wise methods used by participants was confronting coping. In 50% of cases, the married women used emotion based coping. Also, there was difference between educational stage and the number of children and some ways of coping. It seems that, implementing an appropriate interventions program related to adaptive ways of coping dealing to stress is effective in mental health and quality of life promotion.

The subject of this article is comparing the Dehkhoda and Syed Ashraf aldin Gilani social satire. Satire is a literary sort of language which is based on the contradictions and inconsistencies with the audience system mental contracts. With modified intent, Satirist displays shortcomings and disadvantages of the various aspects of life in a ludicrous and exaggerated way. One of the themes of satirical works is a social satire in which chaos and darkness found in some of the different levels of society, such as customs and traditions, systems, norms, and different people are criticized. Pioneers of satire in the age of Mashrooteiat are Syed Ashraf aldin Gilani and Ali Akbar Dehkhoda that they both in a common period of time took advantage of the satire sharp weapon to fight problems, disadvantages and social corruption of their time. The method of this study is descriptive and comparative. In this study, with comparing the satire works of Dehkhoda and Syed Ashraf similarities and distinctions between the social satire of both can be seen. Although many social problems of that time were commonly critical goal of both of them, Dehkhoda social satire is deeper and his understanding of the social disadvantages is broader. On the other hand, due to Syed Ashraf satire long time, more broader corruptions and social problems are reflected in his works.