فصلنامه رفاه اجتماعی
پیاپی 57 (تابستان 1394)

Sexual harassment is a type of violence against women. It is defined as the range of behavior and imposing undesirable sexual accompanied with rape and pussy lust look. In this study the rate of types of sexual harassment (verbal, non-verbal and physical) and its effective factors (social and economic) among women were closely examined. Survey method was done through distributing questionnaire among 350 women 25-50 years old from Sari, Mazandaran province were selected by multistage cluster random sampling. The results indicated that all women have experienced the non-verbal harassment, ninety five percent of them physical harassment and about ninety percent have experienced verbal harassment. The hypothesis testing indicated that there is a significant difference in the rate of verbal and non-verbal sexual harassment among women with different educational and marital status. Furthermore there was also a significant difference in the rate of the verbal harassment experiences among Employed and non-employed women. The correlation coefficient proved that the rate of all three types of sexual harassment (verbal, non-verbal and physical) was higher among younger women with fewer children. victim's characteristics such as being young and their presence in public places (based on their education and activity status) can increase the risk of being raped or harassed. Therefore women of all socio-economic characteristics are subjected to sexual harassment. In fact the experience of such social vulnerability is rooted and affected in gender variable. This phenomenon is caused by social inequality, besides cultural and social structure play significant roles in its creation, preservation and survival in society.

Physical rapid growth in adolescence, which is not accompanied by appropriate social and cognitive development, and the higher levels of risk-taking and sensation-seeking traits in adolescence in compare with other age-groups, can increase the level of their engagement in high-risk behaviors. The aim of this research was to study the epidemiology of high-risk behaviors among Tehran teenager girls and boys in 1391 year. The research questionnaire was made according to the USA questionnaire model and the estimated Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.81. The original sample size was 1280 adolescents which were selected from all grades of high-school girls and boys in Tehran city. After deleting the uncompleted or sketchy questionnaires, 1030 remained questionnaires were analyzed by SPSS software. The findings shown that hookah smoking, cigarette smoking, sexual behavior, violent behavior, alcohol consumption were in ordinary the most frequent high-risk behaviors among Tehran teenagers. Besides, the mean of boy’s high-risk behavior was meaningfully more than girls and no differences were found between adolescents from different age-groups and ethnical groups. Different personal and social factors are involved in creation and development of high-risk behaviors in adolescent boys and girls, and reducing the range of them needs to long-term and short-term planning and needs to implementation of cultural and educational programs at micro and macro levels in different age-ranges.

Drug addiction as a bio - psycho - social life problem impact all aspects of life including quality of life, in this way adolescents and young people are more vulnerable than other groups against this dangerous phenomenon. This study aim was to determine the quality of life and relation with background characteristics and family relationships in adolescents and young people in initial of Methadone Maintenance Therapy in Isfahan city. This study was a cross sectional study that was conducted in a convenience sampling among137 adolescents and young people ages 12-25 at the beginning of entering to the addiction treatment centers in Isfahan city. Among the eight domains of quality of life, social functioning mean lower quality of life was reported (42.79 percent). Demographic characteristics, it was found that the quality of life with age, employment status and income were not statistically significant, while the age at the onset of addiction, marital status, and is statistically significant. Quality of life had a positive correlation with family relationships and family problem. This study showed that drug-dependent persons had the lower quality of life, especially in social activities. Due to study results, pay attention to family problems and family relationships of adolescents and young people and its relation to quality of life are important. Therefore, in order to treat and reduce the recurrence of addiction in adolescents and young people, according to the quality of life, especially social and family relationships are important.

The aim of this study was investigating efficacy of transactional analysis (T.A) Eric Berne group training on the marital satisfaction of women applying for divorce referred center for family intervention to reduce divorce in Bejar. This study was an experimental one using a pre-test post-test design with control group (exam a randomized controlled). Participants consisted of 60 women applying for divorce who were selected using a random sampling method on the basis of the scores achieved from the Enrich marital satisfaction test. Then, participants were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. Participants in the intervention group were given 8 sessions of transactional analysis (T.A.) group training while the control group recevived airintervention (reading the novel Bynvayian). Both groups were tested again after day of the last session. Results of Enrich marital satisfaction test were analyzed through independent and analysis of covariance. Group training on transactional analysis had increased women marital satisfaction. The womens in intervention group had shown a considerable increase in their marital satisfaction, suggesting the efficacy of this intervention for prevent and reduce divorce.

Drug abuse is a phenomenon with social, cultural and economic dimensions. This problem has affected on large part of the workforce in many countries. This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of youth attitude to substance abuse. using previous questionnaire’s we designed primary repository of items which then executed on a sample of 510 student’s of universities across the country in 2011-2012. We selected this students with a multistage sampling. For assessing the validity and reliability of this questionnaire we used of exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach's coefficient were used. exploratory factor analysis revealed that 25 items in the model were loaded on 5 factors. These 5 subscales explained about 61 percent of variance of all construct. internal consistency of the total construct was satisfory as Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.82. The size and diversity of participants, validity of the results, and the relative shortness of questionnaire, made it a perfect tool for measuring attitudes of young people to drug abuse.

social capital is the most important of concept that considered by scholars, in this sense health scholar considered it in particular way. This study examine the relationship of social capital and social health with theatrical analysis of researches and studies that did in this arena. There are two approach: first approach assumption that two concepts are independent and social capital is independent variable, and social health is dependent variable.in Second one, there is conceptual blending between them.Critical review: there are three different approaches to social health determinants of health, social health of society and social health of individual. Determinants of health is trying to identify and determine the variables that provided condition and areas were effected on social health. Social health of individual is the process of citizenship in social affairs. Indeed if people social participations are more in the society, not only individual social health will increase but also have consequences that social health indexes will strengthen. In other word, these three approaches are the complete pattern of social health that have own policies, planning, performance and results. Therefore, it seems that it’s better to consider all approaches simultaneously for accurate and fair assessment of social health condition in a country.Discuss: individuals with the same social and economic status may have different level of social capital. Thus, individual and psychological characters could explain this different. In other word, with regarding that social health is subjective known as an aspect of social capital that is being indicate of personality potential for developing relations. Blending view include psychological aspect in related to social capital and social health that is individual capacity for participating in the society.

Informal settlements are emanation of poverty which originated from housing policy incompetence along with inattention to requirements of large part of urban low income people. Relying on some factors like geographical location, utility of place, social attributes of occupant groups, services and facilities level, future programs, and level of hope for the future, these settlements has different residential value and subsequently different development direction, in some cases, these settlements significantly has been improved. finds of this research indicates that various effective index on the poor subsistence, such as demographic index, occupation and insurance, accessibility, housing, facilities, access to formal funds for housing and vocation securance, has been improved.in most of cases, this trend has been tangible and significant. However, due to merger of settlement in city and expansion of urban culture in there, some of the indicators that deal with social interactions, social relationships, and social capital, have decreased. the trend of evolution and improvement of Dowlatabad- as one of the most principal informal settlements- in housing, services and facilities is significant. The trend of condition improvement of Dowlatabad is due to economic and social changes that somewhat has been able to accelerate the trend of improvement of formal Upgrading programs, especially relating to physical upgrading. Stability of unemployment rate indicates durability of neighborhood unemployment problem and decrease of amount of social interaction and relationships shows that neighborhood has entered to phase of keeping out from prior rural traditional structure. This survey demonstrates that problems of Dowlatabad have transformed from physical issue to social issue and its current concerns and needs have local community development.

Lefebvre's right to the city is a radical reconceptualization of goals, definition and content of political communities and the concept of participation plays a great role in it. This project has used Arnestein ladder of participation as a conceptual construct to evaluate different levels of citizen participation, as well as the relation between participation and Lefebvre's idea of the right to the city. This study has been conducted by survey method using multistage cluster sampling on 879 citizens of 22 municipalities of the city of Tehran. Citizen Participation in urban design is very low and at the tokenism level while there are no gender differences in the levels of participation.Debate: Implementing Lefebvre’s concept of right to city in this study indicates that in designing urban spaces, capital and class are considered prominent factors by urban authorities while public participation and gender are neglected. The hegemonic discourse of capital is prevalent in the urban space planning. This situation is rooted in the institutional mechanisms and structures thus any change to the current trends, requires alterations in structures of citizen participation.

Nowadays essential and primary approach among policymakers and experts about children is providing comprehensive services. State Welfare Organization of Iran has developed the village kindergarten services in the most rural area of the country. The aim of this study is to evaluate the quality of the services in village kindergartens by IECD indexes. The Method of the study is survey and statistical population is all of the village kindergarten of Iran.123 village kindergartens, 219 parents and 149 teachers were chosen as samples of 3 provinces. In this study the questionnaire was used to evaluate the quality of program that included the checklist of IECD indexes and they were filled by interviewing. Results showed that the parent’s participant is lower than the average but some indexes as number of teachers and curriculum are more than the average. In most of the criteria such as education there isn’t any meaningful difference but in rate of all of the children to registered ones it showed meaningful difference among participatory and not-participatory village kindergartens. It’s concluded from the study that these kindergartens have high standards in education but they are in low level of welfare and health services. So it’s necessary to provide more support and supervision and also teach them how to gain support.

Intruduction: This research investigates the implications of the transition from the metaphysical concept of justice to its social concept in law. Throughout 19th century and 20th century, the metaphysical justice as a basis for law was criticized. As a result, social justice was emphasized as a basis for law. This transformation brought about some fundamental changes in law. Since labor law was deeply affected by these changes, the implications of the transition from the metaphysical concept of justice to its social concept in general was investigated and the transition’s practical consequences for the Iranian laws on employment and labor relations were examined. This research is done through content analysis. There is no sampling and the research was done through census technique and all the statistical population is examined. The analysis unit is subject – single statement about something. The content of the Iranian laws related to labor relations from 1928 to 1990 was examined focusing on the five main aspects of social justice and five main aspects of metaphysical justice. The subject units are specified based on their correspondence and compatibility with the special structural definition of content. Their distinction is conceptual based on having desirable structural characteristics in comparison to the irrelevant remainder materials. From 1928 to 1990, the social justice concepts’ usage has increased. Because of this and a decrease in metaphysical justice concepts in proportion to social justice, the following changes have occurred in the Iranian laws regarding labor relations: from 1928 to 1990, there is an increase in taking into consideration distributional justice, social functions of law, social order, civil rights and flexibility of law. From 1946 on, the laws are based on civil rights instead of individual interests. They are more flexible and are changed toward the worker’s interests and their supportive aspects have increased.