فصلنامه رفاه اجتماعی
پیاپی 60 (بهار 1395)

It is often assumed that after child placement in an adoptive family, the adoptive parents and the adoptees will take an easy and happy passage throughout their life. But in reality they experience several different stresses that can lead to the failure in the adoption process for adoptive parents. This is an unpleasant occurrence for both the adoptive parents and the adoptees, which occasionally instigates the disruption of this relationship and multiple separation experience for the child. With increasing the rate of adoption and adoptive families in Iran (1000 adoptive families per year and more than 30000 adoptive families); the interest in recognition of adoptive families, related challenges and required support and services has grown. Often, Iranian adoptive families consider adoption as a mystery and most of them try to hide the case of adoption.
In Iran the unknown factors about adoption are more than the countries that have done vast studies on this issue. The aim of this study was to investigate the challenges associated with the Iranian adoptive families and research needs in this area.
In this systematic review study, the English databases (google scholar, Elsevier, and PubMed) and Persian databases (SID, Magiran, and IranDoc) have been searched to find out relevant articles on adoption especially in Iran. Furthermore, State Welfare Organization of Iran publications added to this search. The most of searches were limited to ten years (2000-2010) nearly.
Findings: Although recent research indicates more stability and continuity in adoptions in Iran, we must acknowledge that adoptive families and adoptees are still facing huge challenges. Most of the articles published on adoption in Iran were related to legal studies and comparative studies of juridical and legal issues. There are few studies on social and psychological factors of selecting adoption process among infertile couples, the obstacles on adoption and also the educational needs of the applicants for adoption. Some studies showed the following themes as important characteristics of adoption in Iran: infertility of couples, gender of adoptee, Mahramiyat (confidentiality or familial privacy as a religious and cultural subject), understanding the child history, telling the fact to the adopted child and post-adoption challenges. The other important issue is factors result in failure to adoption which are classified in three categories: (1) Child characteristics, (2) Parents and adoptive family characteristics, and (3) Welfare characteristics. The follow-up studies on child adoption process were limited in Iranian families. In the absence of evidence based statistics and information, there are no study about adoptive families and adoptees after adoption finalization too.
Although a thematic classification on important issues of adoption has done in Iran, most of the studies are limited to legal issues and few researches have studied effective factors on adoption by infertile couples. The lack of post-adoption studies is another important issue that might be effective in planning and policy making in this area. There are some questions for researches that could answer the needs of adoptive families. The consequences that the adoptees endure because of adoption failure must direct the researchers, psychologists and politicians to work on various fronts and study more about it. They have to make more studies to prevent possible failure in adoption, decrease its consequences and negative impacts on families, and also provide positive intervention to promote adoption and improve the welfare of the adoptive families and adoptees. The adoptive families are growing each year in Iran, and its subsequent needs and demands are wide and diverse. Research findings support the claim that meeting the needs of families and children at different stages of decision-making for adoption and parenting requires scientific planning and professional support. The families also need to have access to pre and post adoption interventions during all stages of adoption and fostering. The main problem of these families and the effective factors on success, maintenance or failure of adoption should be examined systematically, otherwise the effect of these services could be faced with ambiguity. Overall, the well-being of these families requires further analytic research and systematic orientation by considering cultural factors.

Juvenile offence has been a national persistent social problem. Current strategies in prevention and decrease delinquent behaviors are still distant from a comprehensive and holistic resolutions. One critical limitation in the existing strategies for decreasing juvenile delinquency is the deterrent role of religious factors. Most of the sociological surveys in this field are about family’s problems and the effect of religious belief. This surveys show a tremendous impact of religion on children’s ethical growth, but unfortunately this facttor hasn’t been concerned. This carelessness in religious concepts and lack of information about this reality that religious belief can decrease harmful upshots has led to increase the amount of aberrant behavior statistically.
Hirschi is correct to assume "the existence of a common value system within the society or group whose norms are violated." Religious belief is theorized to be an element of social control that can constrain the natural tendency toward delinquent behavior in addition to other domains of social control such as family, school, and neighborhood.
Hirschi argues that those who have a belief in the legitimacy of the hegemonic system of values in a culture are most likely to follow it. If adolescents can share a moral doctrine and social rules, they are more likely to share in pro-social behavior. Persons who strongly belief in the moral validity of shared social values and norms are less likely to deviate from them. Those whose acceptance is weak have a greater propensity to behave in a deviant manner. Also, he proposes that variations exist in the extent to which people believe social rules should be obeyed because some believe in conventional values more strongly than others. This study tests the central hypotheses concerning the belief element of social control Theory. In social control theory religious belief and allegiance to the society values ​​and moralities is a deterrent factor in the participation in deviant activities such as running away from home. To sum up, maladjustment in teenagers or children behavior, namely running away from home can be mentioned as a characteristic phenomenon at first sight, though due to its directly wrecked effect on society it should be considered as a harmful upshot to the public. Also, most of researches have been limited to number of the girls running away and the matter of girl's tendencies has been left inattentively.
In this paper, sociological clarification about Religious belief impact on attitude to run away from home in school girl has been discussed.
Data has been collected by descriptive research design and via self-administered questionnaire, and subjects of the study method. Using a sample of 370 high school girl students from urban areas of Babolsar city. Accordingly, information has been collected at the base of questionnaire, 1597 individuals were investigated that all were high school students educating in Babolsar high school in 91-92 educational year. Data were analyzed by using the Lisrel software have been selected by means of a two-stage cluster sampling method and stratified proportional.
Findings: In general, structural equations Lisrel has shown that the research hypothesis was confirmed, and religious belief have (-0 .31) deterrent effect on tendency to run away from home. Belief variables are strongly related to deviant behavior.
Those who do not hold strong beliefs in conventional values free from the bond and therefore are more likely to commit deviant acts.
The result of research indicates that most conventional religious belief encourage adolescents to embrace the tenets of the religion which proscribe delinquent behavior. An adolescent's religious belief is a highly important factor in their lives. Hirschi suggests that it is not that people need to rationalize their wrong actions, but some people feel less obliged to comply with the moral code than others. In other words, people vary in the amount they feel they need to act morally.
The argument is that religious youths feel obliged to act morally and therefore will refrain from delinquent activities. Finally, if a youth believes it is wrong to violate the formal (laws) and informal (social norms) rules, the youth will not engage in delinquent. The study provides empirical support of claim that adolescent belief may deter serious delinquent behaviors directly and independently. To sum up, the present study finds that adolescent religious belief is directly related to serious offenses. There is an inverse relationship between religious beliefs and commission of serious offenses.

Family as the most important social institution has been a major concern of cultures, religions, and nations. This social institution plays a key role in raising children and transmission of culture, customs and beliefs to future generations.Familial violence particularly when it is used against women results in disorders which prevent this social institution from playing its role as expected. One sort of familial violence is violence against women. Historically, from the beginning of human life on the earth, familial violence against women has been always the case, in various degrees and severities depending on cultures and societies. Patriarchy is one of the traditional way of leading a family which in more cases ends in familial violence against women. The aggression of men toward women shows itself as a natural phenomenon in different ways such as being sensitive to the appearance of woman that in more cases lead to harassment. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between patriarchy and familial violence against women.
In the present study, data was collected through a questionnaire was filled in by 194 married women living in Koohdasht. Stratified and systematic sampling were used to select participants.
A researcher-designed questionnaire was used to collect data. The validity was confirmed by content validity and stability of the questioner was assessed by Cronbach's alpha test that its rate for familial violence against women was 0.890 and its rate for patriarchy was 0.685. Data was analyzed using SPSS 21. So, for describing data we used frequency percentage and for explanation of data we used Pearson’s correlation coefficient and then analyzed multiple regressions and analyzed the variable path.
Findings: According to descriptive findings, the average age of respondents was 35.44. Considering their level of literacy, 21.7 were illiterate and 78.3 were literate. Among the four dimensions of violence (mental, physical, financial and sexual), mental violence was found to be the highest type (with average of 29.28 percent) and sexual violence was found to be the lowest type (with average of 13.22 percent). Results of a Pierson analysis on data indicated a positive correlation and a meaningful relationship between patriarchy and familial violence against women. So, that men with stronger patriarchal beliefs use more violence against women than those with moderate patriarchal beliefs. While there was a positive correlation between education,age, and familial violence women, it was not meaningful relationshipe.
Findings of the study suggests that behind familial patriarchy is the wrong popular belief that equality between men and women is equal to the downgrading of men’s status. These wrong beliefs contribute to the continuing dominance of the patriarchal culture in family and society and pave the way for increasing violence against women. Since the family is the first environment in which the character of children is formed and the children idolize their parents and other adults, the dominant atmosphere of family and the behavior of parent influences on the behavior of children in their future families. As an example the son of such family learns that for achieving its demands use violence against his wife and children. And girls learn from father's patriarchal behaviors to be more submissive so that they come to see violence a natural right of men. So it is recommended that families be made aware of consequences of patriarchy through education and consciousness raising via different tools such as media and social networks. As a result of decreasing degrees of patriarchy we can hope that violence against women will be reduced considerably and making the family a cozy context for woman and children too.

On the eve of the third millennium, the family is the fundamental social institution and marriage commitment is to maintain the stability and health of the system. Marital commitment means how much your spouse value family relationships and how sustain the marriage incentives. To improve marital and family relations, especially the increase in marital commitment, it is necessary to obtain the relevant information about these structures and to identify factors that affect them. As well as understanding the relationship structures can play a role in education projects and interventions are associated with the satisfaction of couples. Thus, analyzing the factors that play a role in maintaining marital commitment is very important. This study examined two styles of lovemaking and dysfunctional relationship beliefs.
Refers to this love style how people define love or not love. In this study, the order of the Relationship Beliefs is mentality that couple to have their marital relationship and have accepted it as fact. Dysfunctional Relationship Beliefs, including beliefs and thoughts are unreasonable have created problems in relationships. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the role of love style and relationship beliefs on marital commitment.
This study is a descriptive correlation study. The population of this study included married employees Azad University of Arak. 108 women (48%) and men (52%) of the sample were selected. The average age of subjects was 39.2 years old, with a standard deviation 5.43 years and the average length of marriage was 16.5 years. After a description of objective research and stressing that the information will remain strictly confidential, participants were asked to anonymously into three questionnaire Relationship Beliefs, love style and marital commitment. Questionnaire's view are as follows: Relationship beliefs list to measure irrational beliefs communication in marriage by Eidelson and Epstein (1982). Subscales of the questionnaire are: Disagreement is destructive, partner cannot change, mind reading is expected, sexual perfectionism, and the sexes are different. Hendrick and Hendrick love style questionnaire by using the Theory of Lee of love built in 1986.
The questionnaire contained 6 styles such as Eros, Storge, Ludus, Mania, Pragma, and Agape. Marital commitment questionnaire of adherence to his wife and marriage measure has been developed by Adams and Jones in 1997. The questionnaire has 44 questions that in a five-point scale, three-dimensional marital commitment includes personal commitment, moral and structural measures. In order to compare the marital commitment, Relationship Beliefs and style of lovemaking between women's and men's t-test was used. To examine the relationship between marital commitment with each of the love styles and relationship beliefs irrational Pearson correlation was conducted to answer the question which of the components of relationship beliefs irrational and style of lovemaking can predict their marital commitment variance from stepwise regression analysis was used.
Findings: In this study, between women and men in terms of irrational Relationship Beliefs sexual perfectionism was significant difference, so that the belief in men than women. It was also found that there was a significant relationship between the duration of the marriage and marital commitment, whatever the duration of the marriage is marital commitment is reduced. The correlation between variables, correlation coefficient marital commitment with the irrational relationship beliefs, the disagreement is destructive equal 0.28
and the partners cannot change was 0.24. Stepwise regression results showed that disagreement is destructive belief, as predictor variables, predictors 21% of variance of marital commitment. So that the disagreement is destructive belief and plays a significant role in predicting marital commitment. The correlation between marital commitment was the Eros love style equal 0.49, mania 0.31, agape 0.42. According to the results of Eros, mania, agape love styles are significant predictors of marital commitment.
Since the commitment consider as a decision to continue the marriage it is necessary to help couples to learn communication is a set of skills that can be learned and grown and strengthen their marriage therefore contribute to the stability of the family. This can be achieved by implementing training courses for people getting married, to give up their irrational beliefs to change or modify communication. Also, the results of this study confirm the relationship between the lovemaking style and marital commitment to predict the marital commitment. This knowledge helps to provide appropriate strategies be adopted.

The withdrawal of receiving direct subsidies were not associated with people willingness. After seventy-three million people registered in the second phase of subsidy and most of them refuse to withdrawal from receiving cash subsidies speculation and analysis were provided to explain why this issue was raised. This process aim to eliminate the subsidies for fuel, food, water, electricity and other items gradually and change the type of subsidy. People be paid in cash for subsidy and income which is earned from this type of subsidy was supposed to spent on civilian and cultural works.
Considering the negative consequences and challenges of the cash subsidy, social and economic citizen's motivations for refusing to withdrawal from receiving subsidies was raised as an issue. Thus, this study sought to examine the social and economic reasons of this issue.
The aim of research in every field is understanding the explanation of a series of variables. In this study, according to different levels of measurement variables, methods and techniques used for data analysis The supply of data and information and statistical information in the form of common tools and techniques, statistical collection of Social Sciences (spss) is used. In this study, to describe the one-dimensional tables and graphs, central tendency (mean) and dispersion (standard deviation) will be used And to explain the findings of a two-dimensional tables, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Chi-square, t-samples and two independent samples (t), Pearson and Spearman correlation will be used. The most general social survey research and data collection method in which certain groups of people will be asked to answer some questions specific. Data was collected using different methods such as questionnaires, observation, etc. is used. However questionnaire is the most widely used techniques. This research is a descriptive study was conducted as a survey. Questionnaire was used for data collection. The main test method measures the credibility of peer review in its meaning and concept. .This kind of attention and scrutiny is a method of determining the validity of To achieve this various methods have been used. According to the results the following table (99%) say that fear of the future is their reason to refuse to withdrawal from receiving cash subsidies (11.940 t = 0.001P Findings: Fear of the future, dissatisfaction with life condition, economic status and future income, pessimism and uncertainty, mistrust of the government, believing bribery and corruption in the country, the government operation through the media are the Tehrani citizen's motivations for refusing to withdrawal from receiving public subsidies. The findings obtained by the y-test showed that fear of the future, dissatisfaction with life conditions, pessimism and unreliability of the people about income future, unreliability of the people to the government, belief in economic rents and corruption in the country and weak performance of the government in the media were the reasons of the people who did not gave up getting the subsidy. Moreover, income and economic uncertainty and unreliability of the people to the government were the most important factors, respectively.
The government needs the cooperation of the people to perform successfully the economical and uneconomical plans, in which life conditions of the people and their confidence to the government should be improved and corruption in state structures should be reduced and so on. 20 of Farvardin 1393(Persian date) reform implementation and registration of candidates began this stage. The government was obliged by its own mechanism to the stage to perform. Eleventh government resolution on identifying those in need and distribute subsidies among them, which you do by signing up applicants began again and anticipated 20 percent of the number of applicants will be reduced at this stage. But people withdraw receiving cash subsidies was not welcomed by people receiving cash subsidies and then the seventy-three million people registered in the second phase of subsidy and at least people withdraw receiving at this stage to explain why this issue was raised speculation and analysis.
The findings showed that economic uncertainty and income are the most important factors in citizen's motivations for refusing to withdrawal from receiving cash subsidies The findings suggest that citizen's mistrust of the state is one of the main reasons for refusing withdrawal from subsidies. Dealing decisively with the perpetrators of the macro-economic corruption will increase people's trust in government. Job and income are other factors. In this research, in order to access the target population of random sampling method is used.

Corruption, as a social harm in all society caused to decrease economic growth, increase class gap and poverty, decline of social capital and reduce the legitimacy of the government. On the other hand combating corruption could play an important role in the optimal allocation of resources, increasing investment, employment and general well-being, and increases people's trust to the government. The lack of administrative health or corruption as a major threat to economic stability can be an obstacle to develop and progress the economic growth in any society and it has undesirable effects on the economic development particularly in open economies. On the other hand misdirection of talent, potential and actual human resources to incorrect activities for achieving easy incomes pull the country into recession in all dimensions. The aim of this study is to investigate the social factors which cause to the corruption in state organizations and after that will present the best ways to prevent these injury.
This research is done by survey method among employees and managers of city of Sanandaj. The total number of employees of the city are 2893 and 288 employees were selected by using Cochran formula. It should be noted that the validity of the questionnaire with content validity method (expert opinions) is estimated. As well as survey instrument was a researcher-designed questionnaire that its reliability through Cronbach's alpha (0.83) has been confirmed.
Findings: The descriptive findings was obtained from research showed the average of corruption is 22.30 which is in low-level. What is important in the descriptive part is the average quality of working life, which is at a low level and often managers and employees have expressed dissatisfaction. Average monitoring and control in organizations was (23.41) and the average of religious beliefs has been at a high level of (25.72). As well as the average of organizational commitment to the office was at a moderate level of (16.31). There is direct relation between education, religious beliefs and values, weak organizational culture, relationships and quality of life with corruption. As well as surveillance and social control is inversely related to corruption. Regression analysis also showed that 37% of the dependent variable explained by the independent variables. Multiple correlation coefficient is calculated at 0.61 which indicates that the six variables from the theoretical framework in this study are simultaneous correlated with corruption by 61 percent. Also explained variance in Table is 0.37 which means 37 percent of corruption in the organization is clarified through above variables and the remaining 63% is affected by other factors, which are outside of this study.
Organizational culture plays an effective role in predicting corruption in government agencies, It seems that the influence of kinship and weaknesses in beliefs and values as well as the lack of effective monitoring and control result in the lack of a coherent organizational culture. In addition as levels of quality of life increased the level of corruption in organizations minimize. As well as enhancing accountability to clients - strengthen the institutions of civil society oversight the government decisions - measures to raise public awareness to the organizations performance are the best solutions to prevent corruption. Finally, in this study we can conclude that the integrated model of the vote theorists to evaluate affecting social factors of corruption showed its efficiency. According to the results of the research and inspired by the theory of structural functionalism Parsons, we are going to propose a theoretical model to deal with corruption that is a strong point and new finding of this research. On the other hand, increased corruption is a serious impediment to development in various aspects (economic, human and even political) which is consider in both domestic and international development levels.
But it should be noted that the effective eradication of corruption requires use of a comprehensive strategies that able to generating deep amendment to the broad areas of economic, political, legal and social community. Finally, elimination or reducing corruption in the administrative system require to a fundamental and comprehensive programs that affecting on the general culture of society and its dimensions such as organizational culture (as a phenomenon that directly is affected by society culture), corruption prevention would be consider as target which is more appropriate than punitive procedures to fight it. Organizational culture has varied functions and it could be a factor of control the behavior staff by introducing the model of suitable behavior to the staff. Also, it can lead to establish the optimal way to encourage employee behaviors. Moreover, it could create the kind of commitment and sense of responsibility for the collective interests that this benefits is more than one's personal interests which its outcome reduces the traces of corruption at all levels of society.

One of the major achievements of the 21st century is increased longevity. But this phenomenon has caused many concerns. With the arrival of the new millennium, ageing has become a major issue in demographic and social policy. In Iran, according to the 1390 census, 6,159,676 people or 8.2% of the population are aged over 60 years old. On the other hand, the concept of social welfare is often described in terms of satisfying human needs. It can be seen as a mental state; it is happiness or life satisfaction. Social welfare has also defined as a function of health, education, security, freedom, the environment, leisure, housing, and almost all combinations of the above. Evaluation of social welfare is very important so that policy decisions, international comparisons,indicators of poverty, and inequality researches continually refer to assessments of social welfare. Monitoring and evaluation of social policies for the elderly requires a comprehensive, and precise data that consider all aspects of their life. The aim of this study is a comprehensive review of related studies about measures of elderly social welfare and strives to provide a multi-dimensional index in the field of social welfare of the elderly.
This study is a descriptive study based on review study. Papers that examined social welfare measures and indexes with regard to elderly were identified through online literature research both in English and Persian database. Quantitative studies were searched and downloaded from Medline (pub med), SID (Scientific Information Database, www.sid.ir), Iran doc (Iranian Research Institute for information Science and Technology, Irandoc.ac.ir), Iranmedex (www.iranmedex.com), Magiran (www.magiran.com) and Iranpsych (Iranian Databases on Mental Health, Psychiatric and Psychological Research, http://iranpsych.tums.ac.ir). The electronic search was performed with no specification of language including articles from 1990 to 1 June 2015. The keywords included Elderly, Old, Older, Aging, Well-being, Welfare, Index, Indicator and Iran. In this case, Boolean operators were used for combined search for the key words. After the initial search in data bases 326 articles were found. At each step of reviewing abstracts the articles that were irrelevant and repetitive removed. 34 studies related to social welfare index in elderly were included in the final review, which was related to the purpose of the study. Then the selected studies reviewed by two reviewers and were extracted dimensions, domains and indicators of social welfare in elderly people.
Findings: Reviewing the studies indicate that Iranian studies emphases on mental and psychological aspects of social welfare such as happiness, life satisfaction, well-being, mental health, depression, and mood. On the other hand non-Iranian studies emphases on different aspects of social welfare for the elderly such as social, economic, health and life conditions. 10 dimensions were identified in the 34 reviewed papers including: economics, physical, mental and social condition, employment, education, the environment, emotional status, leisure, and access to services, which having various components. Multidimensional approach has not been used in any of the studied papers so large portion of studies have emphasized on mental dimension. Also, the Iranian researches focus on the mental dimension generally, however relatively less research focuses on leisure, spirituality, and access to services. Furthermore, quality of life and health studies has higher frequency in this review.
Paying more attention to the leisure, spirituality and access to services for the elderly are recommended in the future. In addition, the effect of new technologies, which ease the daily activities of elderly people, on social welfare should be considered in the future studies. We conclude that multidimensional and comprehensive index is potentially very useful for elderly policy and recommend researcher to improve them further. It is expected that the initial research, created the new areas for deeper investigation of this issue and provided field for Meta-analysis of studies related to this area. In general, the use of a composite index of social welfare of the elderly, due to the diverse and more dimension of elder people life, can give a broader and more comprehensive approach for analyzing social welfare issues in elder people.

Development trends in different countries have different aspects. The process of development of a country is not uniform among provinces and territories. Development of provinces may not fit the trend because of heterogeneous population and economic, social and regional factors. Heterogeneous development and underdevelopment of many regions and provinces of Iran indicate great inequality between provinces of Iran and unequal distribution of the fruits of development throughout the country. In other words, development of Iran in geographic areas due to poor national planning has showed significant differences in the development process. Disparities in development is one of the recent issues has caused by culture of planning. This inequality was the result of multiple factors that cause uneven and unbalanced growth in the region. Unreasonable and disproportionate focus of environmental, social and economic development in the areas will lead to unequal geographical areas, this is reflected in diverse geographical landscape and urban growth. In the face of this development deprivation is a bottlenecks, therefore, there is a necessity of recognizing the diversity and complexity of development and deprivation.
This present type is applied and in contrast to the traditional approach, study space and inequality without understanding the role of creators of space and socioeconomic mechanisms is not possible. In this regard, the use of quantitative models by conceptual geography and environmental behavior as one of the principles in development planning is important. This study has a developmental nature – Applications and combination of research methods are analytical – descriptive. The purpose of this study is identifying the capabilities and limitations of development and poverty in social indicators, economic in Yazd province, which is examined considering to spatial statistics. For the purpose of defining statistical data criteria for each city in Yazd were established by software Grafer, GIS and Excel model TOPSIS and HDI. The aim this research is opportunities and strong identifies of economic and social development indexes of Yazd province that has been study by using is spatial statistic techniques.
Findings: In order to compile the final approach strategic planning is necessary and all factors should be considered as part of the strategic planning process.
Thus, considering to environment is one way to support major strategic planning for joint decision-making and using a systematic analysis of internal and external factors. In this study, taking into account a series of factors is the most important strategic methods. One of the best models of multi-attribute decision making method is TOPSIS. The results show that the county Khatam, Meibod and Saduq are most deprived and center (Yazd) is most developed city in the province. In terms of value equal to0/973 percent and the TOPSIS city of Yazd city seal with the rate of 0/017 percent are the highest and lowest. HDI method is one of the most widely used methods in the study of the geography of the area. United Nations program entitled "UNDP" to rank 130 countries in terms of human resource development. And HDI statistics of Yazd city is 0.26 percent as the most developed city and Khatam HDI equal to 1 as the poorest city in the province. Also, the HDI of Tabas city and Mehriz city are 0.56 and 0.59 percent respectively which indicate the intermediate level of development and poverty among the other township. So to prioritize, townships of Khatam, Saduq and Meibod suffer from deprivation the most. Therefore, these regions can be the first priority for future studies.
The results of the distribution (infrastructure, facilities, services and so on) in the cities of the province showed a lack of coordination and geographical areas capabilities.
So identifying the current status and position of each city in terms of development and comparing them to each other considered as the first step in planning for the elimination of inequalities and regional imbalances. These differences indicate the need for planning and implementation of targeted programs and projects for an integrated and balanced development.

There has been violence against females since a long time ago in different communities irrespective of social status, religion and race. Street harassment is a form of violence against females by strangers outside of the family in public places. It is one of the obvious aspects of sexual harassment in the public in which women are sexually humiliated. This type of violence leads to various negative consequences for both victim women (such as increasing physical and mental disorders) and society (deprivation of women’s aptitudes and capabilities). Regarding to the fact that most of researches in this field have investigated on the domestic violence which implemented by males (husbands) the street harassment has been neglected. In spite of the slump of the academic circle in the past decades, street harassment has been highly considered in recent years. Although many researchers in different countries of the world recognized the importance of this problem and therefore it is now the subject matter of numerous studies. In spite of high prevalence of street harassments in our country, a few studies has been conducted in this regard yet. However, the findings of some studies in several cities such as Tehran, Mashhad, Kerman, Gorgan, Shiraz and Sanandaj point out that the street harassment is been spread in Iran. The objective of this research is social analysis of the street harassments toward females as well as their passive reactions to it.
The study is done by implementing quantitative method by using survey. Statistical population of the study is 6399 of the female students of Mazandaran University which 362 students have been chosen by stratified random sampling method. Data has been collected through self-administered questionnaire and data were analyzed by SPSS software.
The rates of victims of street harassments as well as the passive reaction to these harassments were considered as dependent variables. These variables measured with an investigator-made scale based on 22 and 18 questions, respectively. The reliability coefficient for two above mentioned scales were 0.890 and 0.760 which are indicating high internal consistency of these scales. Furthermore, acceptance of gender roles stereotypes, acceptance of patriarchal values, and social learning of passive reaction has been treated as independent variables. To analyze the collected data, SPSS has been applied.
Findings: The findings of the study indicated that the respondents mainly were young girls (average age 22.1 years old), residents of dormitories, unmarried, and undergraduate students. These respondents mainly belong to low and medium socio-economic status families. Furthermore, 97.4 percent of respondents experienced one type of street harassments during last yare, while 14.1 percent of them reported daily street harassments. Patterns of harassment show that harassers were mainly young men (under 29 years old) which harassed their victims mostly in the places such as streets, parks and markets at the time of between evening and night.
According to the findings of the study, the street harassment is happening in the different times and places irrespective of the age of the victim women. Moreover, acceptance of patriarchal values may cause to more passive reactions by victims. These findings are in line with radical feminist theory which emphasize on the process of female monitoring by male. Radical feminist theorists aim to analyze the men violence against women, and try to unveil the fact that patriarchal values conceal men violence against women, hide it, or inculpate women for being under violence. In this theory point of view perpetration of violence against women and women's passive reaction toward sexual taunts shows that women are suppressed in a patriarchal system.
Furthermore, the rate of “acceptance of sexual role's stereotypes” by young girls and women in this study had no impact on the passive reaction toward the street harassments. According to Pearson's correlation test there is a significant and positive relationship between the “acceptance of sexual role's stereotypes” and passive reaction to the street harassments. But, the results of multiple regression analysis show that as acceptance of gender role's stereotypes increase, the rate of passive reaction to the street harassments will not increase and people who act based on their sexual role’s stereotypes do not have more passive reaction in comparison with the other respondents because those females, who are affected by masculine hegemony in society, have passive reaction toward the street harassments. It seems that believing in the sexual role’s stereotypes or not, could not overcome the patriarchal structure.
In addition, it has been concluded that the social learning of passive reaction to street harassment from family, friends and peers, is effective on the passive reaction of females to street harassments. This might be, to some extent, due to complexity of human behaviors especially in regard to sexual affaires. In the other words, female reactions to street harassment might be under the influence of many factors which cant be reduced to factors like observation and imitation. Seemingly, between the learning process- as a first step- and the incidence of behavior -as the final stage-, numerous factors and conditions might intervene as moderate and mediate factors. It seems that in this study, the girls who learnt passive reaction to street harassment from their families and friends mentally, may behave differently depending on the time and place of harassment.