نشریه مهندسی عمران و محیط زیست دانشگاه تبریز
سال چهل و هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 87، تابستان 1396)

A number of empirical formulas were proposed so as to reduce the time and cost involved in static approach to determine the pile capacity. Although these formulas have been widely used to predict pile capacity, it is agreed that these formulas are inaccurate due to their oversimplification of the modeling of the hammer, driving system, pile, and soil (Fragaszy et al. 1985). The support vector machine (SVM) is a relatively new artificial intelligence technique which is increasingly being applied to geotechnical problems. An important feature of the SVM is that it endeavors to discover the rules (or functions) that govern a phenomenon using only a set of data (a set of measured inputs and their corresponding outputs). Hence, there is no need to incorporate any assumptions to simplify the problem as, is often the case with many traditional methods. The previous studies indicated that these methods are more accurate compared to analytical formulas. In this paper, SVM technique is presented to predict the undrained lateral load capacity of piles in clay using the diameter of pile (D), depth of pile embedment (L), eccentricity of load (e), undrained shear strength of soil (Su) as the inputs of model. The model was developed and tested using an experimental dataset. The performance of the proposed model (SVM) was compared with ANN and those of theoretical methods of Broms, and Hansen.

Pile groups mostly are used for translating the load of structures to soil and a pile cap is used on the top of the group. Lateral loading in designing pile group is important. In pile group under lateral loading, each pile is influenced by neighboring piles. The spacing between piles has an important effect on lateral bearing capacity.

This study tried to investigate the importance of considering deformations in the surroundings of the excavation and the effect of these displacements on surrounding structures. In this context, the stiffness impact of adjacent structure on the ground movement resulting from excavation will be determinative because the fundamental problem of excavation in urban areas with old and even new buildings (including structurally weak buildings) is the impact of the various stages of excavation on adjacent structures and vice versa the interaction of excavation of adjacent structure. Several factors affect the behavior of excavation system such as modeling of structures adjacent to the excavation site which depends on the weight, geometry and stiffness of adjacent structure. Various studies have been conducted by various researchers in this field. Horodecki et al [1] have shown that in excavation done in urban areas, vertical displacement of soil level around the pit and adjacent structures can be seen better than the horizontal displacement of braced wall during the construction process. Accordingly, this study investigates this matter in various parts of the city of Ilam. For this purpose, after sampling the running projects in different parts of the studied areas (Ilam city) and conducting necessary tests and determining the behavioral parameters of soil in these areas (with the help of correlation equations), a set of finite element analysis is done. Behavioral model for soil is hardening soil model. To consider the stiffness impact of the adjacent structure the concrete building with moment frame system with real geometry and loading is used. Since the geotechnical software cannot model the structure with complete details, to achieve these goals, the interaction of two programs of Etabs and Plaxis finite element are used.

Solid Waste is one of the unavoidable products of every society that necessitates the establishment of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) system. One of the most important parts that could play an important role in promoting municipal waste management system is waste disposal method. Selecting appropriate waste disposal method is a complicated and multi criteria issue that should be considered regarding environmental, social, economic and technological aspects [1]. The aim of this study was to compare different scenarios of municipal solid waste disposal options in terms of environmental and economic and select the best scenario using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. In accordance with the ISO standard ISO - 14044 (2006), an LCA consists of four interrelated phases (Fig. 1) [2], and are presented as follows:

Macro scale hydrological models, due to their physically based structure and consideration of most important process in energy and water balances, have high potential for illustrating the spatial distribution of soil moisture, soil temperature, evapotranspiration and stream flow. One of the most popular models that have been considered in recent decades is VIC-3L (Variable Infiltration Capacity) which is a semi distributed and macro scale model. This paper addresses the VIC-3L model in the Callous river basin which is located in the north of Iran. As a semi-distributed macroscale hydrological model, VIC-3L calculates the water and surface energy balances within each grid cell while captures the sub-grid variations statistically. Distinguished characteristics of this model include: subgrid variability in land surface vegetation classes; subgrid variability in soil moisture storage capacity; drainage from the lower soil moisture zone (base flow) as a nonlinear recession [1]. VIC uses a separate routing model based on a linear transfer function to simulate the streamflow [2, 3]. Since its existence, VIC has been well calibrated and validated in a number of large river basins over the continental US and other parts of the world. Applications using the VIC model cover a variety of research areas. The VIC-3L model, with a variety of updates, has been widely used in studies which ranging from water resources management to land-atmosphere interactions and climate change [4].

Water loss has been changed into a global concern in recent decades [1]. Since water demand has been increased, it is necessary to manage its consumption patterns to overcome this problem. The most important part of managing water consumption, is to decrease the water loss. In this paper a new idea has been presented to detect the leakage location and its quantity in a water distribution network, using nodal pressures analyzes in two cases of with and without leakage discharges. The results have shown that this method not only can determine the location of leaky node, but also the leakage quantity, by using nodal pressure data.

The mathematical model for disintegration rate of substrates and production of biomass in the batch reactor is presented by Monod kinetic model. This model includes four required parameters which need to be estimated for proper planning of wastewater biological treatment units and the simulation process in the operational stage (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003).
Al-Malack (2006) determined the bio-kinetic coefficients of a submerged membrane bio-reactor to treat domestic wastewater. His coefficients were located in 0.49-0.58, 0.037-0.0151, 1.28-6.46, and 289-2933 domains for parameters Y, kd, k, and Ks, respectively, under various MLSS concentrations and substrate loading rates. Naghizadeh (2008) determined the bio-kinetic parameters for a domestic wastewater treatment plant through a submerged membrane reactor by the Monod equation. The results showed that the Y, kd, Ks, and μm coefficients were 0.067 mgVSS/mgCOD, 0.5 d-1, 65.5 mg/L, and 1.86 d-1, respectively. Mardani et al. (2011) studied the kinetic coefficients of South-Isfahan wastewater treatment plant, operating on the activated sludge process, in various treatment methods including conventional activated, extended aeration, and contact stabilization conditions in pilot scale. Their findings indicated that for the conventional activated condition, Y(mgVSS/mgCOD), kd(d-1), μm(d-1), and Ks(mgCOD/L) were in ranges of 0.48-0.80, 0.0189-0.026, 0.95-0.98, and 52-71, respectively; for the extended aeration condition were in ranges of 0.6174-1.2512, 0.0198-0.0309, 1.96-3.17, and 311.7-508, respectively; and for the contact stabilization condition were in ranges of 0.6322-0.713, 0.0172-0.0387, 0.23-0.42, and 13.8-50.8, respectively. The purpose of the present research is determining the kinetic coefficients for Shiraz domestic wastewater treatment plant using batch reactor method.

Increasing production of wastes due to the population growth, industrial development and human tendency to consumerism are among of the most important issues which now have become one of the biggest global concerns (Vahab Zadeh, 2009; Sehker and Beukering, 1998). Urban development and rising of living standards especially in developing countries also has been very effective in this field (Glawe et al., 2005). Environmental threats arising from the neglect of proper disposal of waste cannot be overlooked (Lorber et al., 1998). Unfortunately, in our country, especially in the past few decades, incorrect policies and uncontrolled exploitation of natural resources has brought many changes and vulnerability for the environment and if the scientific, technical and management instruments are not handled to deal with the crisis and the problems, future prospects will be very concerned (Taheri et al., 2014). One of the tools that have been welcomed for prediction and reducing the negative effects of important construction projects is Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) (Monavari, 2004). EIA including highly efficient methods which by recognizing the environment and understanding its importance, be examined the effects of different activities a project on environmental components (Canter, 1996). One of the most common ways which used in the environmental impact assessment of often development projects is the matrix technique. Tabriz as the largest and most industrialized city in North West of IRAN is faced with a very inappropriate situation about waste management in its disposal site. In the present study will try to use of two different matrix (RIAM and Leopold) to carry out environmental impact assessment of the current municipal waste landfill in Tabriz and finally with regard to the results, the various options be recommended for the implementation.

The corroded reinforcement bars are the important issue of the concrete permanence due to reduction of the safety factor of the structure against the applied external loads. Corrosion of steel reinforcement has a complex process which due to the reduction in the resistance crass sectional area of the reinforced bars and degradation of concrete structure. Therefore, there are more important that the reinforced concrete structures are evaluated under corrosion at service loads due to an optimum and robust design to achieve a good durability and assessed the time-life service. The reinforced concrete beams are a one of most component that implemented for constructing the reinforced concrete. In the period-times the corrosion, the concrete beams have variety uncertainties such as model uncertainty, load and resistance uncertainty. These uncertainties can be considered using a probabilistic model based on the basis of random variables. The random variables in probabilistic models can be given by several statistical characteristics including probability density functions and their parameters (e.g. mean and standard deviation). The various methods including the first-order reliability method (FORM) and the second-order reliability method (SORM) methods, simulation approach and surrogate-based modeling are used to evaluate the probabilistic model in reliability analysis [1]. The Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) is widely used in reliability analysis due to simplicity and more accurately.