فصلنامه پژوهش های دانش انتظامی
سال هجدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 69، بهار 1395)

Acid attack is among the worst crimes in the community. It is a crime that deviate the victim's life from his normal course and imposes an irreparable damage to him. For some time now acid attack has been common in society, although this crime is not that much common in the community like other crimes, even one case will hurt public opinion. The purpose of this research is to identify and provide effective strategies for the prevention of acid attack. The main research question addresses the preventive strategies for acid attack, which is, in turn, divided into three specific questions including strategies for social prevention, situational prevention, and criminal prevention of acid attack.

The research methodology is descriptive-analytic survey. Questionnaire and interview were employed for data collection. The population of this study included all judges, lawyers, legal experts, hospital staff, acid vendors and ordinary people in Tehran, of whom 160 individuals were randomly selected. Findings and

The findings suggest that the best way of prevention is situational prevention from the experts' perspectives, because the acid attack is the product of situations and the best solution for the prevention of acid attack is monitoring the trade of acid and issuing special ID cards for people who deal with acid.

Achieving the main organizational goals is subject to the coordination and alignment of organizational knowledge with management skills in the field of activities. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the alignment of police knowledge and skills in the field of crime prevention.

In terms of the results, this study is of a developmental and applied research type, and in terms of its objectives, explanatory-descriptive. In terms of data gathering procedure, this study is considered as a qualitative-explorative research. The statistical population consisted of all police experts in the field of crime prevention. A combination of judgmental purposive and snowball method was used for sampling. The oral and written data were analyzed through interpretive-argumentative method. Findings and

Results show that: 1) The predictive and preventive measures before crime have the most alignment and coordination with creating unique knowledge in the organization and controlling skills and changing and directing the police employees' behavior. 2) Police criminal prevention has the highest harmony and coordination with the employees' retrospective and prospective behavioral skills, and integrated knowledge and exploitation. 3) Preventing recidivism has the greatest alignment with entrepreneurial knowledge in organization and predictive skills of behavior and employees' reaction

The purpose of this study is to figure out competences needed by intelligence and security managers at strategic levels as one of the key issues in these organizations. Therefore, for Needs Assessment of this category of managers, first, these organizations should be determined in accordance with existing rules and regulations; second, the managers and strategic-level businesses should be recognized and determined; third, the entrusted tasks and missions to organizations and managers discussed should be identified and ultimately determine the competences expected in this area so that the expected competences can be achieved based on existing patterns.

This research has been conducted through mixed method analysis and concurrent sequential design. The security and intelligence agencies were identified on the basis of existing laws and regulations, then according to Article 71 of the Civil Service and communiqués of Armed Forces General Staff, the security and intelligence managers at strategic levels were identified. And then using assessment models (with a focus on Kaufman & Herman Model and Goldstein Model) the intelligence and security managers' need levels were determined at strategic levels. The face validity and content validity of the research tools were addressed using experts, scholars and knowledgeable people. The construct validity was determined through factor analysis and the Cronbach's alpha of the entire questionnaire was calculated as .97, which indicated good reliability of the test and high correlation with each other in questions. To determine the priority of items, since the variables are of two-optional types (essential, non-essential), the nonparametric Cochran test was used. To determine the significance level and determine and clarify the difference between the items the pairwise McNemar's test was used. A dependent t-test was used to compare the current and ideal status.

The results of one-sample t-test showed that there is a significant difference between the current status and ideal status in the necessary skills for educating and training the security and intelligence management at strategic levels and their effects. That is to say, according to the respondents, the gap between current and ideal status is significant with over 99% certainty. Finally, Friedman test was used to prioritize items. Twenty types of competences were determined and presented for intelligence and security managers at strategic levels.

The Islamic Republic of Iran, on the one hand, considers having peaceful nuclear technology as its inalienable right and wants it not for military purposes but for its use in medicine, agriculture, energy and so on. There is also a direct link between this issue and national interests and national security. On the other hand, the world powers including the United States of America, England, Germany and France oppose the production of this energy by Iran. Regardless of the valuation in this case, it can be admitted that during years of nuclear talks, the nuclear developments had an impact on national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Although the process of negotiations and developments in these years is important, but the main question of this research addresses the impact of nuclear developments on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. To answer this question, the SWOT model and TOPSIS method were used. Based on SWOT analytic framework, by measuring four internal strengths and weaknesses' criteria and international threats against nuclear program we investigated the effect of nuclear developments on national security. Accordingly, the present research hypotheses are as follows: there is a significant relationship between the strengths and international opportunities of Iran's nuclear developments and promoting the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. To illustrate on this hypothesis we explained and discussed the four criteria within the framework of SWOT analysis. TOPSIS method was employed for screening in elite responses to the options resulting from the framework of SWOT analysis. Finally, according to the research hypothesis, the Islamic Republic of Iran can enhance its national security, or vice versa endanger national security due to the lack of efficiency in these areas, by strengthening the internal strengths and taking the advantage of international opportunities ahead in the nuclear case and reducing weaknesses inside and proper and wise confrontation with international threats in this area.

Resolving the neighborhood Guardians' challenges in preventing and reducing crime and their success encourage and promote citizens in the engagement and employment of guardians in neighborhoods without guard. In this vein, due to creating a great sense of insecurity, robbery is one of the most serious crimes that its controlling will be very effective in increasing security. The main objective of this study is to investigate the neighborhood guardians' challenges and strategies in preventing robbery from the expert opinions in the field of police and security service companies.

In terms of its objectives, the present study is of an applied research type and in terms of methodology it is of a qualitative research. This study was conducted in the first half of 2015. The data in the literature, background, theoretical basis and hypotheses were gathered through note taking and to achieve challenges and solutions semi-open ended interviews were conducted. The statistical population of the study included 39 police chiefs and officials and security service companies in Tehran. MaxQDI software was used for data analysis.

Lack of education, knowledge, skills and insufficient experience, the challenges related to disciplinary institutions, lack of equipment and specialized facilities for robbery prevention, and inadequate interaction with the police were identified as the most important neighborhood guardians' challenges in the prevention of robbery. According to the obtained challenges, improving the level of skills and knowledge of neighborhood guardians through strengthening education and necessary requirements, reforming specialized processes in disciplinary institutions, equipping the neighborhood guardians with specialized facilities for robbery prevention, and developing mechanisms to enhance the interaction of police departments and neighborhood wardens, as the most important strategies for neighborhood Guardian in the prevention of robbery are among the most important results of the research.

Response to flagrant criminal incidents is a duty of the governments for the citizens' security of life and property against criminals. In the Iranian legal system where the judicial institutions are responsible for the prosecution of criminals, in cases where an immediate response is required and there is no access to the judicial authorities, by recognizing the examples of flagrant crime the legislator has the duty to make decisions and take the necessary measures to prevent the escape of criminal and preserve the evidence of crime to non-judicial authorities without recognizing threat or violation of civil rights, it has doubled the state officials' concerns who are responsible for securing citizens, that is where violations of individual and collective rights and freedoms via immediate decision-making and urgent response of non-judicial authorities is more possible.

In this article, an attempt has been made to answer the posed questions with regard to the legal norms of the two countries and by analyzing regulations it has addressed the way of responding a flagrant crime.

In the UK, Police have the possession of defendant's deprivation of liberty without a court order before, during, and after all crimes, regardless of the time between the commission of the crime and its notice, and in the indictable offence, citizens can arrest the suspects and committer merely during or after the crime. The existence of reasonable suspicion and the possibility of its broad interpretation in major crimes like terrorist offenses and its restricted interpretation in common crimes and possession of individuals' deprivation of liberty and restrictions on their movement before crime for the police in the legal system provide a better provisions for execution of security-based criminal policy and in total the balance between the right to security and the right to supply.

Today, empowering managers in the developing and unpredictable world is becoming a major issue and it grants a certain degree of autonomy and responsibility to managers. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying and explaining the effective managerial factors on empowering police commanders and managers.

In terms of its objectives, this study is of an applied research type. In terms of its methodology, it is a descriptive-survey study. The statistical population of the study included all police commanders and managers at upper, middle and operational levels. As the sample size, 401 individuals were selected and evaluated using stratified random sampling method. In order to collect data for the study, a researcher-made questionnaire was employed. Findings and

The results showed that the research data had a suitable fitting with the factorial structure and theoretical foundation of this study. This implies the alignment of questions with theoretical constructs. Also the individuals' responses were independent from their work experience, education, job status and various attended workshops. In addition, the results showed that all four managerial factor strategies (delegation of authority, autonomy, sharing of information and management style) have a key role in empowering police commanders and managers.