فصلنامه اقتصاد مقداری
سال هشتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 29، تابستان 1390)

In this Paper، using the newest econometrics thecnics such as panel unit root، panel cointegration and panel causality the causality relation between economic growth and export for two groups of countries، developing countries and OECD members، for the period 1981 to 2006 is studied. The results show that export expansion for developing countries only in the long-term and for OECD members both for long-term and short-term can cause economic growth.

The main aim of this paper is to compaire the effect of openness، economic growth and the role of government on poverty in Iran. In our model the mean income of the poor (poorest 40% of the population)، is considered to be a function of sum of export and imports to real GDP، foreign direct investment to real GDP، that are used as openness to trade and foreign direct investment indices، real GDP per capita، consumer price index، the share of government consumption in GDP، and the share of government spending on social security in government consumption. The ARDL method is used to stimate the mean income of the poor function for the period 1350-1385 in both short and long-run. The result indicate that in long-run openness to trade helps the poor through a direct distribution effect as well as indirect growth effect. While openness to foreign direct investment has no significant impact on the mean income of the poor. Inflation increase poverty، government consumption reduce poverty in long-run and government spending on social security has no significant effect on mean income of the poor.

With the rapid increase in urbanization during the past decades، urban transportation is turning into one of the major issues in city planning. As use of the private vehicles in big cities، such as Tehran، has contributed to traffic، this has been followed by sudden rise in distances travelled by private cars as well as the worsening of air pollution. On the other hand، people who drive on roads are exposed to serious environmental hazards، so much so that their health is at stake. Thus، the identification and pricing of external cost of using private cars (e. g. air pollution، traffic congestion، sound pollution، accidents، etc.) are gaining more importance. This article intends to suggest some suitable and appropriate ways for the measurement and evaluation of any type of pollution in a big capital city as vast as Tehran. This is to be followed by the specification of the rate of pollution per km by each private car in traffic and non- traffic periods (based on facts and figures obtained from the 2007 survey). The total costs of external costs of using private cars was estimated at around Rls. 855 (for the peak- traffic period) asnd Rls. 695 (for non- peak traffic). The maximaum cost was spent on accidents، wheras the minimum was allocated to sound pollution. Finally، a range of strategies are suggested to decrease the pollution.

This paper investigates the interaction effects and the causal relationship between government consumption expenditures on goods and services and non-oil gross domestic product for a panel of 9 selected OPEC countries over the period of 1970-2006. In the multivariate framework، three control variables; inflation، openness and oil revenues are used as control variables to avoid the problem of omitted variables bias. Using econometric techniques including panel cointegration، and panel generalized method of moment; three sets of results have been obtained: first، there is a strong evidence of positive bidirectional causality between non-oil economic growth and government size in the short-run; there is a positive unidirectional causality running from non-oil economic growth to government size in the long-run; the results of the strong causality confirm those of the short-run causality. Based on these findings، both Wagner’s law and Keynes view are supported. Second، inflation and oil revenues have negative and significant impacts non-oil economic growth; the impact of openness on non-oil economic growth is statistically insignificant. Third، inflation and openness have negative and significant impacts on government size، while a positive and significant impact is found for oil revenues.

This study through the application of Hall-Roger methodology calculated the Lerner index of 131 industries in code 4 ISIC during 1994 t0 2007. The result of this study shows that in all industries. And the Lerner index indicates monopoly structure for more than 50 percent of Iran’s industries. Also، our finding indicates The Cement industries، plastic industries، fertilizer industries، bricks industries، and Malta industries، respectively have the highest rank of Lerner index.

So far Iran economic development has been dependant on oil and gas exchange revenues. Meanwhile in recent years the volume of Iran non-oil export has increased and share of industrial commodities in export rose up. Development of non-oil export and reduction of government reliance on oil exchange revenues has been constantly emphasized by country’s planners. With regard to growing importance of non-oil exports to compensate for reduction in oil exports in the future، Instability of non-oil exports exchange earnings can cause some problems in country’s development planning. Using ARDL method، in this research factors affecting instability of Iran non-oil export revenues during the 1350-1386 period has been studied. The results of the study shows that in the long and short run there is a positive relationship between geographic concentration، instability of effective exchange rate and instability of oil export exchange revenues، with instability of non-oil export exchange revenues in Iran. The elasticity of non-oil export exchange revenues with aforementioned variables are 7. 99، 15. 2، 0. 83 in the long run and 2. 44، 4. 64، 0. 25، in the short run respectively.