فصلنامه اقتصاد مقداری
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 41، تابستان 1393)

Poverty and inequality, in generation of woman is among social problems which has been subject to be mitigated through measures. In this context one of the issues related to poverty and inequality is income mobility. Income mobility is another measure which indicates the degree of inequality of opportunity in a society. Income Mobility is measured as either conditional or absolute one. In Conditional mobility fixed effects are considered, however in absolute mobility it is not so. This article tries to study income mobility in generation of woman. For examine this phenomenon is designed type data pattern Pseudo-panel data using data of Household Survey Data collected by Iran Statistical Center from 1988 till 2011. This method enables us to track the performance of each cohort over time. Our results indicate that the absolute income mobility is low and Inequality of opportunity is decreasing over time. But the rapid fall in inequality is low.

Since the environmental pollution is a socioeconomic problem and resultant of political decisions, we use variables on political and governance regimes besides economic variables to study environmental pollution. Although, various studies on the relationship between democratic political regimes and social phenomena have been completed, this study estimates the impact of democracy on environmental pollution using a panel data approach within three groups of petroleum exporting countries during 1996-2013. The selected countries are classified by rank of Human Development Index (HDI). The results show a significant negative correlation between democracy index and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per capita in the first group (countries with high HDI). The corresponding correlation is significantly positive for the second group (countries with middle HDI), however it is insignificantly negative in the third group (countries with low HDI). In addition, economic growth has significant positive effect on CO2 emissions per capita within 3 groups. Finally, energy efficiency is of significant negative relationship with CO2 emissions per capita.

Since the behavior of real exchange rate is affected by the macroeconomic variables of the country, identifying these variables is very important in each country’s economy. On the other hand, Overflow investigation in all developed and developing countries is important, because of economic growth and development faces with a slow process without attention to technology overflows. Hence, in this study, the estimation of the behavior model of real exchange rate in Iran is studied, in additions, the effect of this variable is also studied on the spillover of Technology in 1995-2013. In Edwards’ model, The estimation of model is carried out by using of the ARDL method so that; we can determine the short and long-term behavior of real exchange rate. the results were obtained from estimating the real exchange rate pattern (Edwards’) show that exchange controls affect on the real exchange rate positively whereas the degree of openness affects on the real exchange rate negatively. After estimating the real exchange rate, The effect of this variable was studied as an indirect absorption channel on the overflows Technology. Estimation and anticipation this section was performed by ingenious method genetic algorithm. The results were obtained from this study showed, that the effect of real exchange rate, expenditure of research and development, Knowledge including imports, human development index are positive and the effect of Size of Government on patent or application of technology and knowledge is negative.

Nowadays, In The process of economic globalization, it is necessary to consider the power and potential export capacities and effective factors on enhancing these capacities. In this regard, the role of total factor product as one of the determinants of growth and economic development and gain the competitive advantage in global scene is obvious. this study aims to investigate the effect of total factor productivity on mutual export capacity among Iran and Europe Union countries in 2000-2013, by using the gravity model and panel data method. The total factor productivity has been calculated by Tornquist index.The results of Iran export capacity model indicate that the total factor productivity of the country has positive and meaningful influence and productivity of Europe Union countries has a negative and meaningful influence on export capacity of country. Also the results of Europe Union export capacity model have been declared that the positive and meaningful influence of total factor productivity of this Union and insignificant influence of total factor productivity of Iran on the export capacity of Europeans union.

One of the challenging questions in the economics is the relation between the taxes and economic growth. In the last few decades, investigation of the effects of tax structure (i.e., wage tax, capital income tax, and consumption tax) on the economy of different countries has been in the focus of attention. In the present study, for the exact and comprehensive analysis of the effects of tax reform on the investment, gross domestic production, and production structure in the country, static and dynamic general equilibrium models have been used. Findings of the general equilibrium static of the research show that taxation on the wage and capital income results in the decrease in economic growth and investment of the country, while effects of the taxation on consumption positive evaluated. Simulation results of the comparative static analysis show that the wage tax has the most effect on the economy of the country. The next most effects are associated with the capital income tax and the consumption income tax, respectively. Moreover, based on the results of the dynamic analysis, it has been demonstrated that the wage tax exerts more effect on the economy of the state than the capital income tax in the long term.