فصلنامه اقتصاد مقداری
سال چهاردهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 52، بهار 1396)

International reserves directly used for financing of balance of payments deficit and adjustment of the foreign exchange market disequilibrium. On the other hand, specific economic conditions of OPEC countries such as economic dependence on oil revenues, the lack of suitable flexibility in exchange rate regime and also oil shocks during recent decades, lead to effect of oil price volatility on international reserves in these countries. Hence, due to the important role of international reserves in economies and also the economic situation of OPEC countries, in this study by using mercantilist approach, the determinants of international reserves in OPEC countries have been evaluated with emphasizing on oil price uncertainty by using panel data method during 1980-2015. According to the results, moving average of real export revenue, the difference between domestic and international real interest rate, gross domestic product per capita, exchange rate regime index, trade openness, net barter terms of trade index, short-term external debt, capital account liberalization index, oil price uncertainty, positive and negative shocks of oil price have been known as determinants of international reserves.

Given the importance of oil exports and the share the OPEC countries on oil issue And the importance of the process of convergence and divergence as a result of the economic growth models, Investigate the effect oil exports on the convergence of per capita GDP OPEC countries is important;This Research Is That Based On Assumptions Of Convergence Among Opec Countries, The positive impact of oil exports on the convergence of per capita gdp and the impact of space in economic growth of member states using spatial econometric model be tested. For this purpose to investigate the sigma and beta convergence of per capita gdp a combination data 12 countries opec during the period 2014-1990 using the anselin model to test spatial econometric will be discussed. Research findings indicate that there is convergence in between countries opec, the positive impact of oil exports on the model and increase the speed of convergence also reviews space models confirmed the hypothesis is to model the spatial dependence; So that vicinity are positive and significant effect on economic growth in among the opec countries.

The aim of this study is to consider the The Effect of Education on Iranian Households Income and Health Expenditures. The informations that have used in this essay are cross-sectional which obtain from census that accomplished on 1392. Academic level-headed households as an indicator of the total cost of education and health, which is one of Eight major groups in the basket of household expenditure is added to the cost of providing health insurance and access to safe drinking water (tap water or buy water) as variables enter the model was household health costs. The two equations presented for income and health expenditure of households with a system of simultaneous equations, weighted least squares method (WLS) were estimated using the Software Eviews 8. The results of this assessment showed that education, work experience and male heads of households, urban and number of households income people, household income increases as well as income and urban, education and age of household head, factors that increase Health costs are households.

It is important to assess the environmental sustainability in order to achieve the goal of sustainable development. For this purpose, in this study the environmental sustainability of some of the Iranian provinces has been evaluated and compared using two methods of AHP and TOPSIS in the years of 2007 and 2012. Based on the results from AHP, the most stable and the least stable provinces in 2007 were Kermanshah and Markazi, while in the year 2012 East Azerbaijan and Kerman were the most and least stable provinces. Based on the TOPSIS results, in 2007, Golestan and Ardebil and in 2012 Golestan and Kerman were the most and the least stable provinces in Iran. The results show that even though both AHP and TOPSIS methods are appropriate at prioritizing provinces, but the results from the AHP are the preferred ones.

The relationship between democracy and economic variables in economics and political science has received considerable attention in recent years. In practice there is a strong relationship between economics and politics because the performance of the economy is one of the key political structure in all countries. This paper aims to study the impacts of effective economic factors on democracy in developing countries in 1990-2014 using spatial econometric approach and dynamic panel data. The results show that foreign trade and per capita have positive and significant effect on democracy. Also, the geographical proximity have positive and significant effects on democracy in this countries and And foreign aid has no significant effect on the level of democracy.

The purpose of this survey is assessing the effects of monetary policy on macroeconomic variables and monetary transmission mechanism on Iranian economy. In this regard, using the VAR, DSGE models and 110 quarterly variables of macroeconomic from1990:2-2013:1, monetary policies in Iran were evaluated. The main transmission mechanisms of monetary policy in Iran was trying to be examined.The results of different models showed, excep the exchange rate channel, the chanels of credit, asset prices and interest rates have an important role in the monetary transmission mechanism in the economy of Iran. Also, the FAVAR’s result showed that the impact of monetary policy on output is minimal in the short term; but we can accept monetary neutrality in the long term. Moreover, volatility reviews during two periods, 1369-80 and 1381-1393, using TVP-FAVAR and DSGE model, shows different effects of monetary policy in the two periods.

In institutional approach, the institutional environment that forms the economy is the key determinants of economic behavior and has a major impact on the entrepreneurial dynamics in each country. This paper has investigated the effect of political environment as a factor of country’s institutional framework on entrepreneurship activities. Political risk & instability have negative impacts on the transparency and predictability of the macroeconomic and social environment, the investment rate, duration of policy-makers stays on task, and public policy's durability that the sum of these factors prevent the growth of creativity, entrepreneurship and long-run investment decisions. In this research, the effect of political risk index on entrepreneurship (different types of opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship) has examined in 45 developing and developed countries during the 2008-2015 period. The panel data approach has been used in this paper. The results of this research show that the political risk has a significant negative impact on opportunity entrepreneurship while it has a significant positive impact on necessity entrepreneurship.