فصلنامه اقتصاد مقداری
سال چهاردهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 55، زمستان 1396)

The tourism industry, as one of the most profitable industries in the world, can play an important role in the economic growth of countries. . It includes services that have a great impact on economic and social activities. In this regard, despite the common belief of foreign exchange regimes as one of the most important factors that affect the flow of tourism, there has been little research on the effect of foreign exchange regimes on tourism flow. Recent developments in the categorization of exchange rate regimes have been stimulated to study the effects of foreign exchange regimes on international tourism flow. This study utilizes the Systematic Generalized Systemic Method of Moments Technique (GMM-SYS) and panel data for estimating the number of tourists entering Middle Eastern countries (16 countries) over the period of 1999 to 2013. The results show that the fixed exchange rate has a positive and significant effect on the tourism trend and maintaining the stability of the exchange rate is highly important to attract international tourists. Also, trade, distance, population, having a common language, the establishment of a trade union between the member states and the colony have a positive effect on the flow of tourism. And the effective exchange rate variable, hijab coverage and compulsory coverage have a negative effect on the flow of tourism.

Health is considered nowadays as one of the most important factor in Human Development Index. Increase in mortality rate due to non-communicable diseases and increase in health care costs, caused by these diseases has challenged the health systems in most nations, particularly the developing countries which are faced severe resource shortage. This has led the policy makers to focus on “education”, as an effective instrument to improve the public health efficiency. The main objective of our study is to investigate the long-term relationship between health and education among selected OIC countries during the period (1998- 2013). In this regard, based on the Grossman (1972) model, a health production function is defined. Using a co-integration panel data technique, we estimated the model. Subsequently, using the estimated coefficients of the long-run relationship and the random effect model, for selected countries, the technical efficiency of health production was calculated. The results shows that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between health and education. the results of the calculation of technical efficiency, in various countries, showed that those countries with higher literacy rates, used efficiently the inputs in health production.

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the expenses of urban households in the provinces of Iran using the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) based on the Panel Data method and extracting price and income elasticities in five food groups which possess a high degree of importance in the households ' food basket (bread and grains, meat, dairy and eggs, fruits and dried fruit, vegetables and legumes), and also extracting the Compensating Variation (CV) index in order to evaluate the welfare loss among these households. The results obtained from pattern analysis using the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) method for the budget data of the families in various provinces of the Iran from 2003 to 2014 revealed that the price elasticity of all the food groups except the fruit and dried fruit group is based on theoretical and negative expectations and there are different sensitivities to price variations for these food groups in different provinces. Also, based on the income elasticity, bread and grains and meat groups are considered necessity goods, and dairy and eggs, fruit and dried fruit, and vegetables and legumes groups are among luxury goods. The calculation of Compensating Variation also indicates that the households face a welfare loss as a result of the increase in the price of food. In average, the housholds in Tehran Province have the highest, and the families in Qom Province have the lowest welfare loss rates with 23 and 14 percent respectively. Also, a .... (250 Word!)

Banks and providers of public financial services are the most sensitive organizations in terms of social responsibility. bank has a social and legal obligation to respond to economic and social needs. The banking industry is also the point of reference for the social and economic development of any society. Accordingly, in this study, using a structural VAR model, the contemporaneous, long-term and dynamic effects of bank loans to the private sector on the unemployment rate has been studied during the period of 1967-2015. The results of the simulation of the contemporaneous impacts matrix indicate that a banking shock (as measured by a standard deviation) due to the provision of bank support facilities in the first period leads to a decrease of 0.062% in the unemployment rate, but based on the long-term impacts matrix estimation results, this banking shock does not have an impact on the unemployment rate in the long run. The estimation of the dynamic impacts of bank facilities also shows that, from the fifth period onwards, the dynamic impact of this banking shock will be eliminated. On this basis, it can be concluded that the support of banks from the economic sectors only leads to a reduction in unemployment in the short term and can’t have an impact on long-term employment. Therefore, it is suggested that, in order to ensure the social responsibility of the bank in terms of employment creation, the necessary advocacy and support principles of the nongovernmental sector, should be developed to influence long-term employment.

If domestic currency of a country can’t to perform its functions, foreign currency substitute domestic currency and This phenomenon is called currency substitution. Currency substitution is a common phenomenon in developing countries that it has different effects on the economy of the countries, so it is important to identify the determinants of currency substitution.In this study, is used the method of Kamin and Erickson (2003) to estimate the amount of foreign currency in circulation. Then using a macro approach the determinants of currency substitution investigate in Iran. To estimate the real money demand function of Iran used the method of Johansen-Joselius cointegration and then to investigate the determinants of currency substitution used ARDL method. The Period of variables in this study are from 1338-1392. The results showed that currency substitution in Iran impressed by difference between domestic and foreign interest rates, domestic inflation rate and informal exchange rate, while the real volume of imports, worldwide inflation rate and gross domestic production on the currency substitution are effectless and insignificant. The results show that currency substitution is a function of the parameters of the opportunity cost of money. In other words the main purpose of the substitution is the release of opportunity costs of holding money.

The term "good governance" is one of the most important words in recent decades in the economic literature. Good governance means the mechanisms, processes and institutions through which citizens, groups and civil institutions follow their civil interests and enforce their legal rights and fulfill their obligations. Good governance consists of six indicators: Control of Corruption, Government Effectiveness, Political Stability and Absence of Violence, Regulatory Quality, Rule of Law, Voice and Accountability that one of its important components is the variable control of corruption. Accordingly, the relationship between good governance indicators on corruption control has been investigated in the period of 2015-2004 between the countries of the Middle East and South-East Asia with using of Panel Var method. The results showed that Regulatory Quality and Government Effectiveness had a positive and negative significant on control of corruption in the Middle East countries respectively while Political stability, Rule of Law and Voice and Accountability had a positive significant on control of corruption in the East and South East Asia.

Private sector's debt to the banking network to GDP ratio has more than doubled during the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s, after which growth has stopped. In this paper, a quantitative dynamic general equilibrium model is introduced to illustrate this phenomenon and calibrate the model based on the macro data of Iran and micro data that is derived from the central bank's survey on household's access to the financial services. From the perspective of the model, the credit cycle is more closely related to issues that directly affect housing prices and, as a result, affect the amount of housing collateral to receive credits. The model can well explain the developments in the credit market in Iran and a significant part of the developments in the housing market. But the macroeconomic effects are relatively small, as the borrower's and lender's responses are mutually suppressed at the same level. This indicates that the contraction of credit since 2007 alone is not able to explain the recession in recent years.