مجله پژوهش های مدیریت عمومی
پیاپی 37 (پاییز 1396)

In today's dynamic and rapidly changing world, organizations need to survive to improve their performance and adapt to change. The research organization, which is one of the most widely used media organizations in the world, is one of the organizations that need to study for survival in the age of transformation. In this way, we intend to study the role of personality traits in occupational engagement of employees with regard to quality Working life as a mediator role.
Introduction Human behavior plays an important role in maximizing organizational effectiveness. In fact, any effort to maximize organizational effectiveness requires high levels of occupational involvement among organizational members (Elankumaran, 2004). High levels of occupational involvement indicate meaningfulness, enthusiasm, pride, absorption in work, and positive feelings toward the job (Feyzabadi F arahani and Mir Hashemi, 2011: 52). Although different organizations use various incentives to increase employee in volvement, such efforts face difficulties due to inherent variations among staff members (Liao & Lee, 2009). Many researchers attribute such variations to personality variation in humans (Zabihi et al., 1391: 2- 3). In fact, personality has been accepted as one of the predictors of job performance and the personality of each person plays an important role in his job performance, because the personality of each person as one of the factors influencing the way a person responds to job requirements, his motivation and his attitude toward a job (Moharamzade et al., 2012: 698). On the other hand, the quality of work life is an important factor affecting the performance of individuals in organizations and its relationship with organizational performance has been confirmed by experts on organizational behavior (Jalilpour et al., 2013: 52). The quality of work life includes all the steps that are taken to protect the body and spirit of the staff and give them satisfaction (Jalilpuor et al., 2013: 52). Therefore, the present research aims to determine the role of personality traits in occupational involvement in one of the most widely published newspapers in Tehran, considering the quality of work life as a mediating factor.
Case Study This research studies a popular media organization that needs to improve its performance and adapt to changes in order to survive in a dynamic and rapidly changing world. Due to problems the researcher observed in organizational performance, there is a sense of disappointment, desperation, and lack of involvement among operational staff which leads to aggression, excuses, and indifference among employees. Lack of employee involvement is partly responsible for the organization's repetitious tasks and cliché principles, which can dramatically decrease audience involvement if not addressed. Considering research literature and background managers can base their decision-making in recruitment, transfer, and promotion of employees on personality traits and thereby improve organizational performance and efficiency.
Materials and Methods Considering the theoretical foundations and the background of previous research, the conceptual model of this study regards personality traits as an independent variable, occupational involvement as a dependent variable, and the quality of work life as a mediator variable. According to this conceptual model, personality traits include five components, namely extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experiences and neuroticism. The quality of work life includes eight components of fair and adequate payment, safe and healthy work environment, provision of opportunities for sustainable growth and security, adherence to rules, the social dependence of work life, the general context of life, social integration and cohesion, and the development of human potentials.
This research is an applied study that employs the descriptive-correlational research method. The statistical population of the research includes all 400 staff members of a popular media organization in Tehran. Using the random sampling method, 196 individuals were selected according to Morgan's table. To collect the required data, three questionnaires were used: Costa and McCarey’s Five-factor Personality Questionnaire (1992), Walton's Quality of Work Life Questionnaire (1973), and Kongo's Professional Attachment Questionnaire (1982).
Discussions and Results The content validity method and expert opinions were used to ensure questionnaire validity. In addition, the validity of the research construct was confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis as well as convergent and divergent validity indices. The reliability of the questionnaires was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and its value was more than 0.7 for all four questionnaires. The questionnaires were therefore sufficiently reliable.
The results of the Pearson correlation test for measuring correlations among research variables demonstrated that there is a positive and significant correlation between all research variables. There is a positive and significant correlation between personality traits and quality of work life with occupational involvement with coefficients of 0.575 and 0.483. There is also a positive and significant correlation between personality traits and quality of work life with a correlation coefficient of 0.396 at an error level of less than 0.01.
In addition, the study of the structural equation model of the research showed that the quality of work life variable has a mediating role in the relationship between job involvement and personality traits such as extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experiences, and neuroticism.
The results of data analysis using the Pearson correlation test and structural equation modeling show that extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experiences, and neuroticism are related to job involvement directly and through the mediation of the quality of work life. Thus, all research hypotheses are confirmed and the final research model can be generalized to the entire population.
Conclusion The authors concluded that to involve employees in the job, it is important to pay attention to the personality traits of individuals. For example, extroverted individuals are energetic and optimistic; they are more inclined to feel positive; and they are comfortable and open when working with groups. Agreeable individuals naturally tend to help others and cooperate. Such individuals tend to strictly follow rules and regulations. They can easily adapt to the environment and even the negative aspects of the workplace. Compared to disagreeable individuals, they are more involved in their jobs. Consciousness individuals are conscionable, responsible, and hard-working. Such individuals exert sustained efforts to achieve the goals of the organization and are more involved in the job and more successful as a result. They are reflective and pragmatic; they have character and are open to new experiences. Consciousness individuals are more flexible when dealing with unusual events and ideas. They are more curious and creative and are more involved in their jobs. On the other hand, neurotic individuals tend to be angry, unreliable, depressed and anxious. They are also more inclined to experience negative feelings. By focusing on the negative aspects of a situation, neurotic individuals fail to be involved in their jobs. Managers of the media organization were therefore advised to carefully evaluate an individual's personality through interviews and valid tests based on the five-factor model of personality in order to identify and recruit staff who tend to be more involved in their jobs. Regarding the role of quality of work life in the occupational attachment of employees, it is recommended that managers of the media organization periodically evaluate components effective in the quality of work life. By doing so, they can identify key factors in improving the work environment and employ such factors to promote the quality of work life for their employees. The managers will thus be able to employ the potential capabilities of their employees to provide services to the community and promote the strategies and performance of the organization.

In recent decades, corporate governance has attracted the attention of many researchers. Most corporate governance studies have focused on internal control mechanisms, while the research has ignored the role of external corporate governance controls in preventing manager's beneficial activities and maintaining stakeholder rights. This paper based on Philosophical foundations of symbolic and Qualitative approach seeks to design Corporate Governance Strategic Control Model in Iranian firms.
Introduction Unfortunately, in Iran, corporate governance does not play the role of sovereignty correctly in the country. The presence of non-obligated on board members, The selection of board members by directors, the integration of the role of directors with the board of directors, the creation of unofficial relationships among board members with directors, increasing costs ­representing and promoting the rate of corruption in recent years and lack of transparency and accountability; all are examples ­of the lack of effective corporate governance in Iran. Seeing corporate governance in the country reveals that the system of corporate governance that aims to avoid the cost of managing directors and executive agencies and protect the rights of its shareholders was developed gone astray, causing costs in the representatives of Companies. The main question here is that if members of the board of directors and corporate governance systems created in order to avoid the cost of representation and the role of strategic leadership, they would create the cost of representing and eliminating the rights of stakeholders and shareholders, what should we do? And how should this cost of the agent be controlled? The lack of external control mechanism regulating corporate governance and lack of previous studies ­is the third missing ring in this area. In fact, in this case, instead of merely seeking to identify mechanisms ­of corporate governance introduced, discovering the clusters and create new concepts with existing context, The meanings of which are made consistent with the operation of its content and the items are discovered and reviewed ­and this look and approach, tailored to the current situation is complex and turbulent. If we want to understand complex problems and growing corporate governance, we may need new methods. This article will provide strategic control model of corporate governance as a key structure in the navigation system forms the new direction for research and studies in this field. In fact, this research aims to design innovative concepts and models based on qualitative data that have emerged from the views of the participants in the study, is trying to use this way to extend the boundaries of knowledge in this sphere. But success is from Him, all from Him and to Him we shall return.
research questions are as follows:(A) What is strategic control theory corporate governance?
(B) What are the constituent elements of corporate governance model of strategic control?
(C) What is the statement of the legal and strategic hypotheses obtained?
Materials and Methods This study is by purpose, are foundations and orientation exploratory qualitative study. The strategy used is a classic grounded theory. All interviews were semi-structured the ruling elites and experts of the company have been collected.
Discussion and Results Theoretical coding explains how to communicate with each other. Usually in the time of the sorting and integrated code, graph theory, the initial encryption is formed. Open coding and key coding is done to categorize and classify the unencrypted data, but at this point and through coding theory, categories communicate with them and the trajectory of the story and explain the theoretical expression will be the final version of the control strategy to clarify corporate governance.
Conclusion As we observed in this study, the concept of strategic control concept of corporate governance is complex and multifaceted. This study seeks to answer the original question, namely inefficiency and corruption in corporate governance in the companies of Iran. By examining the current situation reveals that one of the main problems in the field is translation without thinking and research regulations of corporate governance, as in this study to examine the need for the regulation of corporate governance for companies of Iran according to the context the company would be established. In this study, we try to make this a serious gap to be answered through semi-structured interviews with the philosophy of subjective interpretation of symbolic and active participation of researchers in the research process, concepts Strategic control corporate governance structure and main category and the sub main category. As was discussed in coding theory, corporate governance requires serious and systematic control of the media. Media in the country should feel the responsibility to guard and protect the rights of beneficiaries if stronger than ever. The legal system is another powerful tool in the strategic management of corporate governance. Deficient rules of the country have many original Commercial Code. National legislators and policymakers should seriously re-engineer the Commercial Code and the rules of the Stock Exchange of the country in their agenda.
In today's complex conditions and in the absence of uncertainty now that is high, no longer, the tools and techniques of the old control to manage the payment of corporate governance can be used. In such circumstances, it is necessary to use complex tools specific to the rulers of our company. In such circumstances, the use of techniques, sensitivity analysis, outlining the future for multiple tolerant, caring strategies is needed to prevent strategic deficiencies. While not everything is under our control, self-control and internal control can be a substitute for the exterior and the exterior. The meaning of discourse, the prospect of competition among agents, the founder of corporate governance and control environment useful tools in complex and turbulent conditions can be. While not everything is under our control, self-control and internal control can be a substitute for the problems. The meaning of discourse, the prospect of competition among agents, the founder of corporate governance and control environment are considered as useful tools in complex and turbulent conditions.
Paying attention to corporate governance and all stakeholders to mechanisms of innovative and use them to gain control is necessary. We need to campaign with the culture of questioning, critical thinking and problem-solving thinking all stakeholders in the company and strengthen them. As it was mentioned in the discussions, the control measures will avoid errors and acts of the self-interested agent. Increasing and improving the quality of ratings in the country can be used as a control agent on corporate governance to be effective. In this regard, it is suggested that the rating of the effectiveness of corporate governance designed and developed every year for all companies listed on the Stock Exchange by the system based on the realization of the objectives of corporate governance rankings and a public announcement. Naturally, the regulations and the rating system has a vital role in the stock and the stock market will trend rate pricing. In the end, it is suggested that regulation of corporate governance Stock Exchange recently approved revised and re-engineering seriously, and the new Strategic control of corporate governance that is in this article was discussed, along with the criteria for admission and environmental Iran to be added.

In this study, to discover variables effecting on organizational rip currents, at first the literature (books, journals, databases, websites, etc). was reviewed and 15 in-depth interviews was done by experts. Many variables affecting on organizational rip currents were collected. Second, using a Delphi Panel of 40 experts, variables were formed and the consensus was reached on the 36 indicators. The questionnaire was formed based on these finalized variables and questionnaires were distributed Among 500 experts that 364 ones were collected. Next using confirmatory factor analysis technique, factors were ranked and revealed contextual factors are the most important, and structural factors and behavioral ones are the next.
Introduction All governments over the world are constantly changing. However, if you look at the foundations of the countries carefully, you will see that most of these changes are not based on a program and a kind of theory, but also they have some kind of contradictions within themselves that sometimes cause tensions in organizations as well. It can be said that these changes are merely to serve propaganda promises or to react to the threat of pressure groups and powerful stakeholders that target the pillars of organizations. In third world countries, when the life of a government comes to end and a new one comes to power, these changes are intensified. Therefore, this study seeks, by the inspiration of a natural phenomenon; identify the effects of developments in the society and the environment on the pillars of organization. In this study, environmental factors have been assimilated to those of marine splitter currents. The metaphor of the organizational is inspired by the natural phenomenon known as the marine splitter currents introduced by Sarlak, 2017 (Sarlak et al., 2017:105). By considering this natural phenomenon, the characteristics of changes in governments and organization's environment can be identified that threat the pillars of organizations as splitter currents do. The recognition of the conditions, factors and environmental currents are considered as the fundamental elements of environment cognition and analysis in strategic management (Mobinian Dehkordi and Heidari, 2014: 22).
Case study For measuring the variables of the research, 500 questionnaires containing 36 questions were distributed among managers, assistants and experienced experts in the field of employed management in Khuzestan province’s organizations and governmental administrations.
Materials and Methods In this research, due to the novelty of the concept and metaphorical issue of organizational splitter currents, a three-branch model (background, structural and behavioral) was used to classify the variables. The distinction and recognition of these three aspects of organizational dimensions is purely theoretical and it is used only in order to analyze and understand the concepts and organizational phenomena. Then using factor analysis on the data obtained from 364 completed questionnaires, 36 variables related to splitter currents were classified into 7 factors. In fact, using exploratory factor analysis, the relationship between variables was identified and unknown factors were identified. Then, this factorization was analyzed during the first and second order confirmatory factor analysis in structured modeling techniques to investigate the effect and relationship between known factors.
Discussion and Results In this study, seven factors have a specific value greater than 1 and remain in the analysis. These seven factors can explain 61.660% of variability (variance) of variables. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the questions of each extracted dimensions of factors and total alpha coefficient of questionnaire’s questions is higher than 0.7, which indicates the reliability of the questions that have been used. In order to evaluate the content validity of the research’s variables, 20 experts were used. Since there is initially a causal hierarchy in structural modeling in which some variables may be the possible cause of the other variables, but cannot be certainly affected, considering that there is a set of relations between independent and dependent variables, structural equations modeling is considered appropriate (Azar and Khadivar, 2014: 19). Therefore, using structural equations modeling, cause and effect relationships between variables, which are not directly visible, and the level of correlation and severity of influence on other variables of organizational splitter currents were analyzed in this research.
Conclusion The foundation of creating these currents comes from the organizations’ environment. Based on the results of this research, it can be said that the underlying factors are the most important and effective factors in creating the splitter currents of organizations. In the second and third rank are behavioral and structural factors respectively. But it should be noted that the underlying factors are beyond the control of organizations, but behavioral and structural factors are accessible to organizations. Structural and behavioral factors must be strengthened in order to protect the organization against the splitter currents that originate from the environment. In reducing irreparable damages, organizational splitter currents are effective. And by applying the proposed solutions, damages to organizational splitter currents can be prevented and the performance and efficiency in organizations can be increased.

The present study aim to present a model of technological collaboration between university spin offs and ITC industries. Therefore, the authors of this study try to find the related factoes for proposing the model.
Introduction Althogh technological collaboration between university spin offs and industries is an important issue nowadays, there is little attention given to research on the factors shaping the model of collaboration. Thus, proposing this model was the main reason to carry out this study.
Case study This study is related to Information Technology and Communication industries. After finding the factors, we proposed them to 30 experts and asked for their suggestions about the same.
Materials and Methods The methodology of this study is the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. First of all, we extracted the related factors by reviewing the literature and also by interviewing the experts. Then, we categorized the factors according to their similarities by thematic analysis. Then, we created a model of technological collaboration. We also used SPSS software and used Binomial test for analysis of data.
Discussion and Results By reviewing the lelevant literature and interviewing with experts, we found 72 factors related to technological collaboration between university spin offs and industries. Then, we sorted these factors into 3 categories and proposed a model in this regards.
Conclusion The proposed model of this study should be tested by future studies to be conformed or revised. Further, future studies can also expand the model of this study by proposing new factors which are effective on the technological collabortion between university spin offs and industries.

The most important issues in the stock market are stock indices. The main topic of this research is modeling the factors affecting stock price index, stock price and stock return index, financial index, and industry index in Iran's Stock Exchange. For this purpose, data of 112 macroeconomic and stock variables from 1997 to 2014 were used. Modeling has been done using the genetic function approximation algorithm. Using MSmodeling software has been modeled for the factors affecting the stock price index, the price index and cash returns of the stock exchange, the financial index, the industry index were used to determining 108 independent variables are effective on the types of stock indexes. The results indicate that the granting facilities of banks lead to an increase in the industry index in the stock market. The monetary base and the bank's facilities and short-term investment deposit are also effective on the stock price index. Moreover, the variables of the number of shares traded, the value of transactions, and the number of buyers increases the industry index and the stock price index. According to the findings, it is concluded that bank's grant facilities to government and non-government sectors and non-bank credit institutions will increase the industry index and stock price index. In the case of some stock companies, the government even needs to take some actions itself and manage the bankrupt enterprises by granting facilities and improve their status on the stock market. Also, according to the research findings, the growth of automotive industry results in the growth of the financial index, and for this purpose, policymakers should pay particular attention to the automotive industry. Finally, given the results of this study, longer periods of time for future research and the use of other predictive methods as well as artificial intelligence are emphasized.
Introduction Investors and managers of the stock market make use of stock indices in order to achieve a good picture of the process of this market and the ability to evaluate past and, in some cases, to predict the future. A more detailed analysis of the price trend in stock markets requires indices with a variety of functions. As a result, today a wide variety of indices are calculated and published in the Iranian Stock Exchange. The methods of calculating the indices have undergone several changes in the direction of more efficiency and providing a more precise representation of the stock trading process. Naturally, there are a bulk of factors involved in shaping the information and views of the parties to the market and, ultimately, the stock prices of the companies. Some part of these factors is indigenous and some other is due to the status of variables outside the scope of the domestic economy of the company. Accordingly, the factors affecting stock prices are wide. On the other hand, each country's economic development depends on the money and capital markets in each country's economy. Given the importance of capital market in equipping community savings towards economic activities, identifying variables that affect the stock price index is quintessential. In this research, we have been trying to fill this gap in the financial literature of our country. Despite the fact that most previous research voluntarily selected a number of variables and examined their effects on the stock price index, in this research, optimal and effective variables in types of stock index is derived using the genetic function approximation. This research investigates the factors affecting price index, financial index, industry index, price index and cash returns, which is, in this regard, innovative compared to other studies.
Case study The data of the statistical population was collected from the Central Bank website from 1997 to 2014. Since there are a lot of factors affecting Tehran Stock Exchange index. These factors include exports, current account balance, capital account balance, monetary and credit variables, payments and receipts of government and stock transactions, energy sector, manufacturing and mining sector, housing and construction sector, transportation, and agricultural sector. Modeling was performed for the factors influencing the stock price index, stock price and cash return index, financial index, and industry index to determine the variables effective on all types of stock market indices.
Materials and Methods Using the genetic function approximation algorithm and running the MSmodeling software, modeling was performed for factors influencing the stock price index, stuck price index and cash return, financial index, industry index to determine which of the 108 independent variables are effective on the types of stock indices. An independent variable is added to the model and the optimal regression model is presented until no significant change, based on R2 or LOF criteria, is observed in the final model.
Discussion and Results In a nutshell, it can be postulated that monetary and credit variables have been effective on stock price index and stock return, industry index, and stock price index, in which an increase in liquidity in the society leads to a decrease in the price index and stock return in the stock market. Banking grants to government and non-government sectors and non-bank credit institutions have boosted the industry's index in the stock market. The monetary base and the facilities granted by banks to government and non-government sectors as well as short-term investment deposits also affected the stock price index. Furthermore, the effective stock variables are effective on a variety of indices. This means that the increase in the number of buyers in the stock market has reduced the price index and stock returns. The increase in the number of shares traded and the buyer in the stock market increases the financial index. The variables of the number of traded shares, the value of transactions and the number of buyers increased the industry index and the stock price index.
Conclusion According to the findings, it is concluded that bank's grant facilities to government and non-government sectors and non-bank credit institutions will increase the industry index and stock price index. In the case of some stock companies, the government even needs to take some actions itself and manage the bankrupt enterprises by granting facilities and improve their status on the stock market. Also, according to the research findings, the growth of automotive industry results in the growth of the financial index, and for this purpose, policymakers should pay particular attention to the automotive industry. Finally, given the results of this study, longer periods of time for future research and the use of other predictive methods as well as artificial intelligence are emphasized.

The structure of the strategy is a hierarchy that links a general strategy to more detailed details. An initial look at these structures reveals similarities and differences. Today's existence of this diversity is the source of new problems for strategic planners and managers.
Diverse experts have explained the organizations’ general strategies and each from his or her viewpoint has explained the structure of these strategies. But the adaptive measures of the diverse strategy structures have not been noted. The present research has been done so as to reduce the ambiguity of the Iranian managers and planners which derive from the different strategy structures.
The strategy concept is a hierarchy that binds a general strategy to more detailed strategies. A preliminary look at these structures reveals their similarities and differences.
In one type of organization, organizational strategies can be identified in two types: general strategies and specialized strategies. Strategic strategies are strategies that are monopolized by an organization, industry or specific geographic range, and can never be a potential option for all organizations. In contrast to the general strategies, there are strategies that can be placed on the management board of all organizations for selection.
A common practice in strategic planning is to measure a valid pattern and structure that has taken its credibility from its own opinion. For this reason, for strategic planners whose practice is to use standardized strategy structures, the complexity of the future structure may lead to strategic pricing for their organization. The seemingly minor but important differences in various strategies of the strategy may indicate the existence of imperfections in these structures and their lack of comprehensiveness.
In this research; the first step was to find out the most frequent general strategy structures that have academic and executive usage in Iran. After that these were compared and contrasted. Comparative comparison was done through two phase. In the first phase, comparison between structures was done pairwise. In the next phase, the results of pair comparison summarized in the term of intersections, differences and circumscriptions. Differences emerged at three subject: in the tilted of strategy, in the concept of strategy and in structural position of strategy. Intersections included strategies that have same title, concept and position in different structures.
In this study, in order to increase the accuracy level, the study was carried out in two stages: in the first stage, the comparison between the structures was made in two ways, and in the next step, the results of paired comparisons were summed up in the form of commons, differences, and monopolies of the structures.
Discussion and The purpose of this study was to provide an answer to the differences in the various strategies of the strategy to make the options on the table more transparent for strategic planners. To this end, valid and widely applicable public sector structures in the developed country were considered comparable. The main results of this comparison were as follows: Integration and diversity strategies were common in all structures. Competitive strategies, market development, product development, partnership, reduction in two or more structures are mentioned. The focus strategy has appeared in different structures with the same name but different meanings. Growth strategies, horizontal diversity, innovation, and stability are proposed only in a structure.
At the end of the comparative survey results, a comprehensive structure of public strategies was inferred, which could serve as a comprehensive reference point for organizational strategies for strategic planners. This structure states that strategies at the business level should include three categories of growth, stability and reduction. The growth strategy will be of two types: competitive and participatory. The stability strategy consists of three types of profit, no change and stop. The strategy of reduction is also based on four types of captivity, change of direction, assignment and dissolution. But the strategy at the organization level should include three types of growth, stability and reduction. Its growth strategy focuses on four types of concentration, diversity, integration and defensiveness. Stability strategies and similar reductions are defined as defined at the business level.
The proposed structures can be a new reference point for choosing a strategy between academics and strategic planners. Because in the design of this structure, on the one hand, the differences in the known strategy structures are reasonably summed up and, on the other hand, all the strategies presented in these structures are in the right place. Structural strategies of the comparative study in this research were limited to five valid and widely used structures in the country. Undoubtedly, the structures provided by leading and, at the same time, world-class experts, are far more likely to be the subject of future research. finally, from the compared and contrasted data a comprehensive structure of general strategies that can be used as a comprehensive reference of general strategies by strategic planners were obtained.

Supply of manpower is one of the main tasks of human resource management in each organization and other management tasks will be done correctly when the competent manpower exist. Due to the importance of manpower in organizations, the main purpose of this study is to identify the bases for attraction of manpower in the Medical Science University of Birjand city.
Introduction Universities, as the main centers of knowledge production, research and science, are important in every community and play a significant role in the development of each region. Accordingly, they require planning for the recruitment of specialized workforce. Therefore, identifying the factors that encourage knowledge workers to join the organizations is crucial. There is only a handful of studies that focused to this issue specially in Iran and this study is first to investigate it on a university context.
Case study The population of this study is employees of Medical Science University of Birjand City
Materials and Methods Using judgmental sampling, 143 of employees of Medical Science University of Birjand City were selected as sample of study. The is an applied study that used descriptive - survey method. In order to evaluate the variables on the attraction system of manpower one-sample t-test was used.
Discussion and Results The results show, organizational climate, job characteristics, work conditions and environment, have the most favorable status than other variables, and salary and benefits, social responsibility have the least favorable status. The results of this study is in consistent with the findings of other studies (e.g. Uggerslev, et al., 2012; Chapman, & Mayers, 2015; Collins, & Stevens, 2001).
Conclusion According to the results of study, it is recommended to senior managers to consider salary and benefits, social responsibility in decision making and determination of manpower recruitment strategies in Birjand University of Medical Sciences more than other variables. Moreover, to generalize the finding of this paper, future studies can use other population such as unemployed people or senior students that plan to join to labor market soon.

In general, sustainable progress is a landscape that simultaneously aims for social, economic, and environmental subjects, in the process of progress. In this course, production management and manufacturers are involved in sustainability more than ever. This study intended to identify different aspects of sustainable production with an ecological view from the stand point of managers of successful industrial manufacturing companies in Semnan, Iran. To this end, managers of 33 companies with at least five years of continuous work experience were interviewed, according to the stages of Repertory Grid Technique. Then, 33 single personal repertory grids and 174 primary personal constructs were generated. Finally, these constructs were explored and analyzed, and an aggregate grid of sustainable production was determined, containing 87 secondary constructs in different fields. These factors were also analyzed and ranked with SPSS based on the Friedman test. The ten top factors determined by this study include: social welfare of customers, desirable financial performance, adherence to national and international rules, foresight, intangible investment and brand management, sustainable design, measurement and monitoring of emission density, organizational resource planning, proper use of land, quality of and satisfaction with products.
Sustainability is an important and growing need for human activities. Sustainable progress is a key goal to human improvement. Sustainable improvement results from social, economic, and environmental issues and, in general, the process of improvement. Sustainability is a topic in different fields including engineering, design, and production. Producers are now engaged with sustainability more than ever. In general, sustainable improvement is a challenge and complex understanding that involves factors such as technology and engineering, economy, environmental monitoring, public health and well-being, society they work and live in, social demands, government strategies and producers, and policies. In particular, creating sustainable production requires balance and integration between the economy and social, environmental and supportive policies. This article focuses on business sustainability. This is a descriptive-interpretive study based on the Personal Construct Theory. The goal of this article is to extract and draw the construct derived from the manager's opinions in order to reach a native understanding of sustainable production construct in manufacturing companies of Semnan Province, Iran. The main questions outlined here are as follows: What are the manager's personal construct of industrial manufacturing companies for the understanding the sustainable production? What is the extent of each construct importance?
Case Study
Active industrial-manufacturing companies of Semnan Province, Iran with a minimum history of more than five years of continuous production and one or more top ranking in national and provincial assessments in different areas were selected.
Repertory grid was used as the applied technique of Personal Construct Theory to extract and analyze the manager's personal theories about the sustainable production constructs using interviews and repertory grid formation through three steps namely the selection of topic and steps, construct extraction, and the connection of construct elements.
Discussion and According to 175 initial constructs, since some had similar nature, 87 secondary constructs were classified using the content analysis method by integrating similar constructs and analyzing the final content based on similarities in an inductive process around a more general construct and the degree of compatibility. Collective repertory grid was formed in the form of a matrix consisting of 87 secondary constructs, six elements, and ratings that resulted from 33 individual manager's grid. Then, the collective repertory grid was prioritized using the Friedman test.
Goods and service producers do not have to experience change. In other words, survival is not compulsory at all. Reviewing the history of long-lasting companies reflects the fact that they have continuously been trying to survive and adapt to their surroundings. The persistence and sustainability condition appears to be adapting to compulsory changes by applying optional gradual changes. The need for sustainable production processes is well recognized due to rapid changes in technology and business processes in today's competitive world. Therefore, in this study, 87 sustainable production constructs are determined and rated: observation of national and international laws, operation management, deployment of management systems, observation and modeling of values ​​and ethics, risk management, membership in institutions and associations, acquisition of certificates and letter of commendation, futuristic approach, passive defense and crisis management, project management, anti-corruption and fraud structure, proper and managed water use, proper and managed use of raw materials, equipment efficiency measurement and management, moving towards the clean sources of energy, planning for proper land use, resource retrieval, bio-efficiency measuring and monitoring, Measuring and monitoring the density of gaseous emissions, measuring and monitoring the production efficiency, water pollution reduction management, air pollution measuring and monitoring, soil pollution measuring and monitoring, production effects on animal / plant life, management, separation and reduction of waste production, disturbance reduction caused by production, Staff health management (psychology and health), non-compulsory work, team structure and participation, staff safety management and seriousness, labor union structure, lack of discrimination, a specific course of work and occupational progression, recruitment of competent and expert human resources, employee satisfaction, proper and sufficient salary, the importance of staff education and training, elimination of staff housing, employee welfare, reduction of harmful factors in production environment, supply chain training, development and observation of principles, laws and ethics of commerce, the development of domestic suppliers, the diversity of suppliers, supplier assessment, downward and upward investment in supply chain, outsourcing, goods and product transportation, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), product quality, product delivery and packaging, safe use of products, market assessment and marketing, product component differentiation, national and international product standards, labeling and information, sustainable design, life cycle analysis, product innovations, aesthetics of products, variety and customized production, desirable financial performance, cost management, sustainable productivity and sustainability, intangible investment and brand management, the use of advanced technology in production, knowledge management, quality engineering, research and development, ICT application, joint work with large companies, social welfare in society, customer's social welfare, regular tax payment, social capital, industrial heritage and material return to nature, technology localization, management and reduction of accidents leading to injury or death, exports, science production, cultural influence on environment, development and calculation of green tax, 6R measures, green accounting, purchase of waste and wastewater, sales of waste and wastewater, and stakeholder's interests and satisfaction. In addition to the extent of identified constructs compared to previous studies, the constructs related to the industrial development and progress, industrial ecology and coexistence, supply chain, organizational leadership, industrial heritage, and products are determined as vital and important elements in order to reach the sustainable production. A review of the theoretical literature also shows that the findings are consistent with the theories related to the sustainable production. The importance of these dimensions has been reflected in most theories and studies, showing the external compatibility, in addition to internal consistency and the comprehensiveness of constructs.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of establishing and deploying e-government in promoting good governance indicators in Iran. The statistical population of the research is composed of experts in e-government and good governance. Regarding the normal distribution of variables, based on the T-Student's parametric test, the research findings are as follow: Establishing and deploying e-government in the country from five aspects: transparency, accountability, partnership, trust and monitoring, government efficiency and access to Government services will promote good governance indicators in the country.
Also, the results of testing the hypotheses of the research show that establishment and deploying e-government in Iran will result in improved good governance indicators as the following aspects: from the aspect of facilitating and helping the better fulfillment of laws and regulations, from the aspect of transparency through the process of doing work, increasing information, free flow of information and monitoring transparency of transactions, from the aspect of transparency in administrative and employment affairs, and from the aspect of transparency through automation and information-mechanized systems. The findings also suggest that the establishment and deployment of e-government in Iran from the aspects of responding to clients and observing their rights, and improving and expediting responses to media and public opinion, and also responding to relevant organizations and monitoring units will lead to good governance in the country.
Introduction Given the changing demands of the people to receive better and faster services, as well as the increasing expectations of the people about the accountability of the government, governments have been struggling to meet these needs and satisfy the citizens (Danayifard, 2003). In this way, IT provides a wide range of facilities to increase the quality, quantity and speed of providing services and information to governments, and provides a good governance groundwork as an efficient tool (Jasbi & Nafari, 2009).
Information technology can be one of the important solutions for reducing corruption and increasing the transparency of government activities. The rapid growth of information technology constitutes an obstacle to administrative law violators and lobbyists of the Non-transparent environment. Information technology also suggests a fundamental change and more transparency and timely, clear and accurate information for the survival and maintenance of public administration. Considering the importance of e-government and the benefits of its deployment and the beneficial and effective experiences of advanced governments in the area of ​​e-government deployment and the positive effects of using e-government in promoting good governance indicators in these countries, the scholar seeks to answer the question whether deployment and the use of e-government in Iran will lead to the promotion of good governance from the health aspect of administrative system?
Methodology In general, the present study is based on the result, applied; on the basis of purpose, explanatory-descriptive and based on the type of data, quantitative. The research data has been collected through the field method. In terms of the time horizon, this research is sectional, because the data are collected over a specific time interval. The present research strategy is a quantitative survey. Regarding the purpose of the study, the statistical population of this study are the experts whose field of expertise is e-government and good governance with an emphasis on the health of the administrative system. The most appropriate people to be selected as respondents in this research are faculty members of universities and research institutes, experts and practitioners in the area of ​​the study variables. In this research, non-probabilistic (purposeful and judgmental) sampling method was used to determine the number of analytical units. The sample size is calculated according to the Cochran formula for an unlimited population.
In this research, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. According to the data, all the variables of the research have an acceptable reliability coefficient. It should be noted that for determining the validity of the construct, factor analysis method has been used with LISREL software. The results of the validation test of the research structures showed that all the standard estimates were more than 0.3 and the significant numbers were more than 1.96. On the other hand, the model's indicators are within the range. Therefore, it can be claimed that the questions of the variables of the research have a good validity.
To test the research hypotheses, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to measure the normal variables. The results of the research hypotheses test validate the eight hypotheses studied in the research. In the following, we will discuss the results of the research and present some suggestions in line with the results of the research.
Discussion and Conclusion The research findings show that the establishment and deployment of e-government in Iran from the aspect of transparency will promote good governance by facilitating and helping to better fulfillment of laws and regulations, through the process of doing work, increasing information flow, free flow of information and monitoring, transparency in transactions, transparency of administrative and employment affairs, and transparency through automation. The results also indicate that the establishment and deployment of e-government in Iran from the aspect of accountability to the issue will promote good governance by responding to the clients and observing their rights, and improving and expediting responses to media and public opinion, as well as responding to relevant organizations and monitoring units. On the other hand, the establishment and deployment of e-government in Iran in terms of participation, trust and monitoring, and the efficiency of the government and access to government services will also promote good governance.
According to the confirmation of the first hypothesis, one of the factors that prevents the system from potential injustice and corruption in system, as well as the unplanned principles of net efficiency and saving in management and management processes, is transparency. The transparency of affairs in governance and management is one of the most important policies; because mostly, where the affairs are hidden from the people and the officials, corruption and wrongdoing can still be seen and grow and remain.

The present study aims to examine the impacts of internal branding on supportive attitudes over the brand, job satisfaction and intention to stay among the employees of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in Iran. The research population consists of the employees of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili equal to 330 people. According to the Morgan table, the sample size was 181. However, according to the use of structural equation modeling, at least 200 questionnaires were completed between the staff working in the different units of the university on the basis of the stratified random sampling method. Data collection was conducted by standard questionnaire. The validity was measured based on construct, discriminant and convergent methods and the reliability was examined through Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The questionnaire of Kaewsurin (2012) was used to measure two dimensions of internal branding including brand-centred training and development activities and internal branding communications. Also, the indexes of brand supporting attitudes including brand commitment, brand identification and brand loyalty was measured with using questionnaire of Punjaisri and Wilson (2012). Lastly, the questionnaire of Preez and Bendixen (2014) was used to measure employee's job satisfaction and intention to stay. SmartPLS Software and partial least squares method were used to test the research model. The results show that internal branding has a positive significant impact on brand supportive attitudes and job satisfaction. The impact of job satisfaction also has a significant positive impact on brand supportive attitudes and the employee's intention to stay. Moreover, the significant positive impact of brand supportive attitudes on the employee's intention to stay is confirmed. Moreover, job satisfaction has a mediating role in the relationship between internal branding and brand supportive attitudes. Similarly, brand supportive attitude has a mediating role in the relationship between internal branding and the employee's intention to stay.
Introduction The literature of marketing and human resource management indicate that the relations between an organizations and its staff are the bases for the relations between the organization and its customers. Accordingly, a major instrument for achieving such a situation is the emerging concept of internal branding (Herington, Johnson and Scott, 2006). Internal branding is the activities that an organization implements to ensure its managers that a brand promise is being implemented and the staff are appropriately connected to the customers (Yang, Wan and Wu, 2015). One possible outcome of internal branding in organizations is the making of brand behavior among the staff and, in addition, it can help improve employees’ job satisfaction and increase the possibility of keeping them in the organization (Burmann and Zeplin, 2005). There are two main objectives for the present study. The first purpose is to try to develop a model to explain the internal branding in the universities and the supportive behavior of the staff about the brand and the second objective is to evaluate the effect of branding on inner satisfaction the intention to stay of the employees.
Literature review and hypotheses development
Corporates develop an internal branding to persuade employees to support the company's brand. Employees often play an important role in the success of their company branding. As a result, it is said that the more internal branding is powerful in a company, the more is the probability that employees support the company’s brand (Punjaisri and Wilson, 2007). Internal branding can affect the relationship between employees and the brand, so that if employees recognize their relationship with the organization as positive, then their commitment to the organization increases (King and Grace, 2008). Internal branding can improve employees’ loyalty more through internal communications and training. When the management uses internal branding, employees’ job satisfaction and their engagement increase and the likelihood of their leaving the organization reduces (Peltier, Schibrowsky and Nill, 2013). Following are the research hypotheses according to the description provided above: 1. Internal branding affects the supporting attitudes of the employees towards the branding.
2. Internal branding has impacts on the employees’ job satisfaction.
3. Job satisfaction affects the supportive attitudes of the employees towards the branding.
4. Job satisfaction affects the employees’ intention to stay.
5. Supporting attitudes of the employees towards the branding affect employees’ intention to stay.
6. Job satisfaction plays a mediating role in the relationship between internal branding and supporting attitudes of the employees towards branding.
7. Job satisfaction plays a mediating role between the employees’ intention to stay and internal branding.
8. Support attitudes of the employees’ towards branding plays a mediating role between internal branding and employees’ intention to stay.
Case study The research population is the whole staff of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili (300 people). Data collection was conducted through questionnaire. The sample size was determined by 200 people.
Materials and Methods The questionnaires were distributed among the employees of different section based on stratified random sampling method. The questionnaire was arranged in three parts: a companying letter, demographic information, and specific questions. Moreover, in order to assess the validity, there were used the three criteria of structure validity, discriminant validity and convergent validity. Reliability of the study was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In order to analyze the data and testing the research model, partial least squares method was used.
Discussion and Results The results showed that internal branding can improve supportive attitudes towards branding and lead to the university employees’ job satisfaction. Moreover, the employees’ job satisfaction have positively affected their supportive attitudes towards internal branding of the university. In addition, expansion of supportive attitudes towards the brand can strengthen the university managers so as to help the employees’ intention to stay. It was furthermore understood that job satisfaction could develop intermediately the effects of internal branding on supportive attitudes towards the branding and, too, the effects of internal branding on the employees’ intention to stay. Finally, the establishment and development of the supportive attitudes towards branding cause the significant development of branding impacts on the university employees’ intention to stay.
Conclusion Based on the findings, managers should use internal branding so as to attract the supporting attitudes of the employees towards the brand and their job satisfaction and intention to stay. Planning and implementation of training courses regularly are among the solutions to achieve these goals. In addition to training, managers also can use communication tools to boost internal branding. Replication of this study in other industries could be due to the implementation of inner properties and ultimately to reach a better understanding of the mechanisms causing internal branding. In addition to the marketing approach towards the two training activities and internal branding-based development and internal communications in internal branding, there can be used a norm-based approach to measure the internal branding. The present study was done only in the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. Therefore, the generalizability of the results to other universities and organizations should be done cautiously. Another limitation of the present study is related to the intrinsic characteristics of the completed questionnaire such as the respondents’ insufficient accuracy.

One of the major challenges of customer-centric organizations is the recognition of customers, the distinction between different groups of customers and their ranking. Clustering is one of the data mining techniques used to group customers into their various characteristics. The main purpose of the research is to customer clustering based on the Recency, Frequency and Monetary indicators using the fuzzy c-means algorithm. The study was conducted on 76379 registered transactions from customers of Zahedan City Refah Chain Store. The results of this research provide a framework for developing customer relationship management programs for each customer group.
Introduction Today, the importance of customer relationship management is not hidden from anyone and all service and product companies are trying to understand more of their customers. Understanding the various groups of customers and building effective relationships with them in a way that guarantees the economic benefits of companies in the future is an important issue in today's businesses. Maintaining valuable customers and attracting profitable customers is both important and it is possible to accurately identify their features. Clustering is one way that helps companies recognize their profitable customers. In the clustering of the elements within each cluster, the most similarities are found, and there is a significant difference between clusters. By introducing the fuzzy theory by Lotfi zadeh, the application of this idea in various sciences quickly expanded and the fuzzy clustering method was widely used by researchers in various fields (De Oliveira & Pedrycz, 2007). In fact, the main difference between the classic clustering and fuzzy clustering is that an instance can belong to more than one cluster (Khoshnazar, 2013). Companies with customer clustering and behavior analysis of each group will provide a platform for optimal allocation of resources and developing customer relationship management strategies. The customer lifetime value (CLV), reflects the value that can help companies in this field. Customer lifetime value is the value of the customer creates throughout his lifetime and is determined by using different models (Boroufar, Rezaeian & Shokohyar, 2017). The RFM model is one of the most popular and effective methods for analyzing customer life value. This model uses three variables Recency, Frequency, Monetary to express the difference between customers and the customer lifetime value is calculated from the sum of the values of the model's indexes. It is also assumed that customers who are worth a lot on any of the model's indicators are the most profitable customers. Of course, they will behave like they were in the future.
Case study Rafah Chain Store Company is one of the most comprehensive distribution networks in Iran with the aim of supplying and distributing basic goods.
Materials and methods In this research, transactions recorded in the database of the Zahedan Refah chain store have been used in a seven-month period. After receiving the data and performing the preparation process, 76,379 transactions were used as the final input. The preparation process consists of two steps. In the first step, the data was cleared, so some data with invalid values were identified and deleted. In the second stage, RFM model indices were calculated using SPSS Modeler 18 software. There is a difference in the RFM model index unit so these values should be normalized to the same unit. For this purpose, these values were normalized using the Min-Max method. To determine the number of clusters, the Xie and Beni index were used. After calculating the value of this index, 7 clusters were determined as the optimal number of clusters. Fuzzy C-means algorithm is used to cluster customers based on RFM model indicators. All stages of fuzzy clustering and determination of the number of clusters were done using MATLAB software. After fuzzy clustering is done, we will determine the weights of RFM model indices. For this purpose, Fuzzy AHP method was used. Finally, Customer lifetime value for each cluster was calculated from customers and clusters were ranked.
Discussion and Conclusion By calculating the lifetime value for each cluster, companies can use their limited resources for a group of customers who have the highest value. According to the results, the fifth cluster with 0.16624 is the most valuable group of store customers. The services provided to this group should not be limited to regular programs, but should be tailor made for them. In fact, the store should allocate more funds to these customers. On the other hand, the third cluster with 0.01482 is the least valuable group of store customers. In developing customer relationship management strategies for this group, there should be a proper balance between the costs associated with the revenue that these customers receive from the store. The results of this research can be used to develop customer relationship management strategies for each customer cluster.