فصلنامه مطالعات اقتصاد انرژی
پیاپی 46 (پاییز 1394)

In Institutional thought, property rights are effective in the most inefficient allocation even after the creation of competitive prices. So, not only it can be treated as a given variable but outcomes of any collective action are completely associated with distribution of these rights among the different actors. Therefore, from the perspective of institutionlists, appropriate policy making in property rights is the basis of any institutional reforming in a collective action. However, this approach to property rights in oil industry, from the beginning of its formation, property rights is the pivot of its challenges, can lead to novel policy implications and recommendations, that because of the ignorance of institutional thought capacities has not be considered until now. As the results of this research are be showing, due to some of ongoing rules of the game, in one hand, ownership pattern of oil industry cannot be independent from the role of international oil and gas corporations. On the other hand, it cannot be ignored the role of state in any policy making for property rights in the oil industry of Iran. Nevertheless, like a lot of successful experience in the developed countries and by use of joint venture companies comprised of the partnerships of state oil companies and international oil & gas companies, we can reduce significantly the transaction costs in Iran's oil industry

The purpose of this paper is to study the asymmetric effects of oil price changes on demand of the OECD countries. To illustrate the asymmetric effects of oil price, the price has divided to three components of the maximum, lowering and increasing price. Also, for oil demand modeling, structural time series model that is underlying trend as a factor affecting the demand for oil, has been used. In order to estimate the mentioned model, annual data from 2012 – 1965, maximum likelihood method, and Kalman algorithm - filter were used. The result show that the hypothesis of equal coefficients that represents the reversible full price of oil demand in the OECD countries as a consumer of oil has been rejected and oil price changes has asymmetric effects on its demands. Also, it has been proven that the underlying trend as an influential factor on oil demand is inherently non-linear and smooth.

The global awareness about energy security, weather fluctuations, and environmental dangers due to economic activities such as pollutants emissions has enforced the environmental problems due to these activities in evaluating energy Efficiency Performance. A number of previous studies have focused on evaluating the energy efficiency performance. Among different analyses, DEA has dramatically increased recently. In most of Energy efficiency Studies related to DEA, undesirable outputs such as CO2 emissions has not been investigated based or modeling framework, which itself may lead to unreal results in shared production with desirable and undesirable output. The purpose of this study is to measure industrial Energy Efficiency performance indices in two static and dynamic states in selected developing countries from 2001 to 2012. Dynamic Energy efficiency index is divided to two main factors. The results of the study demonstrated that industrial efficiency improvement is dramatically affected by technological improvement in the selected developing countries.

Stock Exchange is an organized and official market for buying and selling companie's shares base on its own rules and laws. Many factors affect the views of the market parties and the company's stock price. Some of these factors are internal and partly due to factors outside the domestic economy. Paying subsidies is one of the important instruments that influence economic variables with a change in relative prices. In this paper we examine the impact of paying subsidies on the stock price and make abnormal return for oil products industry. Five companies in Tehran Stock Exchange have been selected as a sample. Financial information of these companies were collected from 2008 to 2013.Date of Cash subsidies were considered as independent variablesand creating unusual return and cumulative abnormal return was considered as dependent variables and an indicator for market reaction. The cumulative average abnormal returns compared and tested by Use of Event Study and statistical test (test t). The results showed that there is no significantdifference between the abnormal return on the stock for oil products industry before and after the payment of subsidies. On the other hand, the results showed that there is a significant and meaningful difference between average cumulative abnormal return before and after of cash subsidies.

Pistachio is considered as an important agricultural commodity in Iran and ranks top amongst all exported agricultural products. Wide and inefficient use of energy in agriculture sector is leading to waste of energy and environmental problems. Conducting an overall energy survey and economic analysis of pistachio production can provide useful information for improving energy efficiency. In this paper, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique was applied for pistachio producers to analyze the Energy inputs-yield relationship. The data was collected from 70 producer in the summer of 2013 using random sampling. The results revealed that the total energy input for pistachio production was 129411.8 MJ ha–1. Energy use efficiency was 0.41, energy productivity was 0.03 (〖Kg Mj〗^(-1)), specific energy 29.41 (〖Mj Kg〗^(-1)) and Net energy -77481.8 (〖Mj h〗^(-1)) were estimated. Technical, pure technical and scale efficiencies were calculated. The VRS analysis showed that only 33 of DMUs were efficient. The results revealed that production of pistachios in Yazd Province, under current management practices, are not energy efficient and efforts should be made to improve energy use efficiency and DEA is an effective tool to analyze and benchmark productive efficiency of farms.

Strategic goal of privatization can be economic, social and cultural development, Decreases of companie's costs and size of the government. This study has been done in the framework of benchmarking method in order to transfer experience and the achieved results from reform in different countries and to present executive strategies to the electric power industry policy makers and planners.It is proposed that the government should plan and put into action a comprehensive program for streamlining the path and the atmosphere of the activity of the business institutions and empowerment and support of non-governmental sector and conveyance of the government properties to the non-governmental sector in a comprehensive and integrated manner. Establishment and activation of need infrastructure for accomplishment of the government responsibilities and protection of the market activities are necessary conditions in entering the process of privatization of the electric power industry. Furthermore, the extension of competition atmosphere and increase of compatibility of economic institutions are the requirements of the success of the privatization program. Reforms in electric power industry and privatization of power plants are time consuming processes and any hastiness in these processes will lead the privatization to the path in which not only the expected goals are not achieved, but also in addition to demolish of national wealths, it will result in extensive economic, social and political consequences. The way conveyance of power plants, shall not lead to another monopoly. As one of the most important prerequisites of having competitive market and encouragement of private sector to have presence in electricity market, establishment of competition in wholesale and also retail podiatry of electric power. In other words, establishment of production capacity in proportionate with the consumption peak, formation of electricity stock exchange and possibility of competition among the suppliers at the retail level guarantee the competition and optimal behavior in the market.

Iranwith about33.6trillioncubic meters of gas(18 percentoftotalworldreserves) asthelargest holder ofgas reservesin the world,Duetoits strategicpositioninthePersian Gulfcanplaya vital roleintheglobalenergy equation in future. Politics of transport gas through Turkey to Europe, bilateral cooperation in the gas sector with Armenia, operations gas imports from Turkmenistan and finally the peace talks with Pakistan and India gas pipeline- and possibly in the future with China- are clear examples of the development of gas industry. In this regard, a detailed study and prioritization of natural gas export markets is necessary.
This study Performed on the status of Short-Term (continuity of current sanctions) and long-term (pessimistic, realistic and desirable scenarios) and based on 4-Fold criteria consist of import capacity, technical/environmental constraints, geopolitical, political will and cooperation of Iranian gas to resist external political pressure.
Based on these results and based on 4 factors, including import capacity, technical and environmental constraints, geopolitics, gas cooperation with Iran and the political will to resist external pressures on the export of Iranian natural gas to the markets of Turkey, Pakistan (eastern direction), China and Iraq-Syria (direction west-Persian pipeline) to natural gas as a priority export markets are determined by 4-fold. Also In the long term condition, with consideration of 3 scenarios consist; a) Maintain the status quo and the predicted development of unconventional gas resources, b) Agreement to stop or at least slow removal sanctions and the predicted development of unconventional gas resources and c) Rapid removal of sanctions and technical barriers (LNG Production), Iran's Long-Term Priority of Natural Gas Export Markets are Determined.

Because of the simplicity and intelligibility, ratio of GDP to energy consumption is one of the most popular indicators to measure energy efficiency. However, traditional energy efficiency indicator considers energy only as a single input. This indicator may easily overestimate the real change in energy productivity when energy is substituted for other inputs. Also, traditional indicator disregards the technology level of energy use. In other words, the traditional indicator assumes the technology is always constant from year to year while due to the technical progress, productivity is also improved. The aim of this paper is to introduce a Total Factor Energy Productivity Index which has no mentioned defects of traditional index. More, this index is used to compute energy productivity for 20 developing countries. Findings show that the majority of developing countries experienced negative energy productivity growth. The TFEPI Index shows that Syria has the highest energy productivity growth and Qatar and Yemen are located in subsequent positions and Iraq, Oman and Bangladesh have the lowest TFEPI growth. Iran is also placed in 13th position by an average growth of -0.015. Furthermore productivity decomposition to total-factor energy efficiency and total-factor energy technical changes indicates negative technical change is the main reason for being negative of TFEPI. Recent plan subsidies and energy price reform has increased energy efficiency in Iran. Hence, in order to increase energy efficiency, it should be considered the promotion of energy technology.

In this article, first the various components of the cash flow of the project of “power supply through the grid and heat through a boiler” ("Ι" ), the project of “power and heat supply through DG generator” ("ΙΙ" ), and the difference project, are expanded, for the option installation of DG generators in CNG station and carwash complexes. Next, for different electrical capacities, the cash flow components of the difference project, including the investment cost, annual benefits and costs and salvage value are calculated and the optimum electrical capacity and six corresponding economical parameters of the difference project are determined, according to maximize the net present worth of the difference project, using MATLAB software. In addition, the sensitivity of the optimum electrical capacity and the net present worth of the difference project relative to various parameters, including the power purchase and sales tariffs and gas purchase tariff, is investigated. The type of technology considered is gas engine and the system type is CHP, additionally it is assumed that the generator operates in grid support (base-load) mode. The present study takes into consideration not only the constraint of maximum possible value of investment, but also those constraints relative to proper power flow and accepted fault levels in the power grid. A new approach which simultaneously takes into account the electrical load profile and the power bills has been adopted in the mathematical modeling. Consumed electrical load profile of CNG station under study located in Tehran, during one day period, has been extracted through a Power Harmonics Analyser device. Also consumed thermal load profile for the nearby carwash, has been determined by estimating cars traffic at different working hours and calculating consumed thermal load per car.