مجله تحقیقات حمایت و حفاظت جنگلها و مراتع ایران
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 22، پاییز و زمستان 1392)

Using of the soil seed bank is one of the most important methods for plant conservation particularly in natural ecosystems. Different factors can affect the soil seed bank. In the present study، we investigated the effect of exclosure on soil seed bank richness and diversity to use the results in plant conservation projects. Therefore، 10 2*2 plots were established in each grazed and non-grazed areas. In each plot، about 1kg soil was taken from each depth i. e. 0-5 and 5-10 cm. Soil samples were transported to the greenhouse after cold stratification. All seeds germinated during the first four months were identified. The number of seeds per m2 and the number of species per plot were then calculated. Soil seed bank characteristics were compared between grazed and non-grazed areas using unpaired t-test. Paired t-test was performed to compare soil seed bank characteristics between the two depths in each area. The results showed that soil seed bank diversity، richness and similarity with aboveground vegetation were higher in grazed than non-grazed plots. We concluded although that exclosure has important role in plants conservation while it may lead to the extinction of some plant species through decreasing soil seed bank density and species richness.

In this research، powdery mildew tolerance of 40 sainfoin populations was evaluated in the filed condition. The populations were cultivated in a randomized block design with three replications in Shahid Hamzeh station of Esfahan province in 2009. Regarding of observation، Initial disease symptoms occurred mainly in the third cut which is in September. Symptoms included presence of yellowish necrotic area around blocks borders with further whitening of all leaves of the affected plants. Field collected samples of populations were evaluated in the laboratory and the fungus Leveillula taurica was isolated and identified in Esfahan province.. Evaluation of plant samples were carried out randomly for 27 branches of 9 bushes in every block. Evaluation of the populations was carried out on the base of disease severity index (DSI): 1 (without disease symptoms as resistant populations، 2(DSI 0f 1-25 as tolerant populations، 3(DSI 0f 26-50 as semi susceptible populations، 4(severity index 0f over 50 as susceptible populations. Analysis of variance showed significance differences (P<1%) between populations، disease severity index، percent of infection and the yield. Mean comparison of Duncan test showed Polycross and Azarbayejan-Oshnavieh populations as tolerant population with disease severity index of 2. 5 and 2. 8 and three populations including: Gorajan-Ardabil، Kohleran- Ardabil and Khoramabad as highly susceptible with disease severity index of 4 and 3. 5. The remained populations were assessed as moderately susceptible with disease severity index as 3. Result of this research showed that in the first year of cultivation، infection level of powdery mildew and disease severity index of the population were low but increased in the second and third years.

In this study، 14 species belonged to 9 genera of the family Tephritidae were reared and identified from 15 species belonging to 9 genera of the asteraceus plants during 2011-2013. The species of Centaurea depressa (Bieberstein، 1808)، Achillea millefolium L.، 1753 and Centaurea macrocephala Puschk. ex Willd، 1803 are recorded as the new host plants of this family from Iran. Terellia colon (Meigen، 1826) and Acanthiophilus helianthi Rossi، 1794; Trupanea stellata Fuesslin، 1775 as well as Chaetostomella cylindrical Robineau-Desvoidy، 1830 and Terellia colon (Meigen، 1826) were obtained by raring from Centaurea depressa، Achillea millefolium and Centaurea macrocephala، respectively.

The protective role of the Zagros forests in preventing soil and water erosion is very important. Therefore forest fires account as major environmental hazards for Zagros forests. The aim of this research was to study the influence of variables on fire occurrence and producing fire susceptibility map. Factors affecting fire incidences include altitude، slope، aspect، distance to residential areas، distance to roads and farmlands، temperature and rain. These factors were examined to determine the effect of each variable in occurrence of fire. Sampling procedures was performed in forest areas with previous fire records and in non- affected forest areas and MLP method was used to determine the importance of each factor in the occurrence of fires. Sensitivity maps of different areas to fire were produced using artificial neural network method. Results showed that the slope (100%) and distance to roads (95%) variables are most important factors influencing fire occurrence while aspect with 55% effect has the least correlation with fire occurrence. The model was further validated with Kappa coefficients. Results indicate that the sensitivity map is produced with 90% accuracy، and that 98% of the grid cells are correctly classified.

Agaricales are among the most abundant types of mushrooms in most areas. presence of biologically active metabolites، with antibiotic and antifungal properties has been recorded for most of them. In this study mycelium of 10 mushrooms species of Agaricales include: Agrocybe cylindracea، Armillaria mellea، Hypholoma fascicular، Hypholoma sublateritium، Flammulina velutipes، Mycena inclinata، Omphalotus olearius، Panellus stipticus، Pleurotus ostreatus and Schizophyllum commune collected from Mazandaran forest was prepared by tissue culture of basidiocarps and their antagonistic activity was examined against 5 plant pathogenic fungi (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Perniciosum، Ophiostoma ulmi، Pestalotiopsis funerea، F. Culmurum and Bipolaris sorokiniana) and 4 Trichoderma species (Trichoderma viride، T. asperellum، T. harzianum، T. atroviride) in dual culture experiments on MEA. The results revealed that all 10 mushrooms species used in the test had antagonistic effect on one or some plant pathogenic fungi species. The most antagonistic index observed on Omphalotus olearius، Mycena inclinata and Panellus stipticus. Seven out of 10 mushrooms species had antagonistic effects on at least one Trichoderma species. The most antagonistic index was observed on Omphalotus olearius، Flammulina velutipes and Schizophyllum commune.

A faunistic survey of crypto stigmatic mites of rangelands in West Azerbaijan province، Iran، was conducted by soil sampling in the year 2012 on three different occasions (mid-May، mid-August and mid-October). The Mites were extracted by a Berlese funnel and cleared in Nesbitt’s solution، then mounted in Hoyer’s medium on microscopic slides. In general، 70 species belong to 48 genera in 34 families and 22 super families were collected and identified. Among them، 64 species are new records for West Azerbaijan Province mite fauna that marked by an asterisk and two genera and four species were recorded as new to Iran mite fauna that marked by two asterisks: Phthiracarus lentulus*، Atropacarus striculus*، Steganacarus carinatus*، Rhysotritia ardua*، Sphaerochthonius splendidus*، Cosmochthonius lanatus*، Papillacarus pseudoaciculatus*، Nothrus anauniensis*، Nothrus borussicus*، Neoliodes ionicus**، Plesiodamaeusornatus*، Aleurodamaeus setosus*، Licnodamaeus fissuratus*، Licnodamaeus pulcherrimus*، Belba daghestanica**، Eupterotegaeus ornatissimus*، Fosseremus quadripertitus*، Damaeolus ornatissimus*، Eremaeus cordiformis*، Adoristes ovatus*، Xenillus setosus*، Xenillus singularis*، Carabodes paraspinosus*، Carabodes willmanni*، Austrocarabodes foliaceisetus*، Tectocepheus minor*، Tectocepheus velatus*، Ramusella puertomonttensis*، Anomaloppia iranica*، Rhinoppia obsoleta*، Rhinoppia subpectinata*، Rhinoppia bipectinata*، Microppia minus*،Ramusella insculpta*، Ramusella sengbuschi s. str. *، Ramusella tokyoensis*، Discoppia cylindrica*،Graptoppia sundensis*، Oppiella nova nova*، Neoppia sp. **، Dissorhina ornata*، Scutovertex minutus*، Microzetes baloghi*، Berlesezetes aegypticus*، Passalozetes africanus*، Bipassalozetes striatus*، Bipassalozetes sabulosus*، Oribatula undulata، Oribatula debilitranslamellata*، Oribatula skrjabini*، Oribatula connexa connexa، Oribatula connexa ucrainica*، Oribatula pallida*، Oribatula exarata*، Oribatula tibialis allifera*، Liebstadia similis*، Protoribates paracapucinus*، Scheloribates fimbriatus*، Grandjeanobates sp. **، Eupelops acromios*، Hemileius ovalis*، Hemileius robustus*، Punctoribates angulatus*، Punctoribates punctum*، Lauritzenia fusifer*، Galumna iranensis*، Galumna karajica*، Pergalumna sp. **، Tectoribates sp. **، Hermanniella septentrionalis*

Forest reserves are protected areas and the analysis of relationships between vegetation and environmental factors in these areas is ecologically considered as an important issue. To investigate the role of altitude and edaphically characteristics in Tang Khoshk forest reserve in Semirom Esfahan، thirty 0. 2 ha circular plots were randomly established. Four circular subplots were also laid out within each main plot and the competition between shrubs was measured by Schütz competition index. Slope، aspect and elevation were recorded within each plot. For each subplot، soil samples from two depths (0-30 and 30-80 cm) were taken. Soil properties including total nitrogen، organic carbon، organic matter، available potassium and phosphorus، pH and electrical conductivity were measured. Factor Analysis (FA) was used to analyze the data. The results indicated that، nitrogen، carbon and organic matter of both depths are the most important factors affecting the competition followed by slope، elevation and potassium content of the first depth. Generally، it could be concluded that soil factors are of higher importance among all physiographical and edaphically characteristics influencing competition between Amygdalus orientalis species in Tang Khoshk forest reserve.