مجله تحقیقات حمایت و حفاظت جنگلها و مراتع ایران
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 23، بهار و تابستان 1393)

This study aims at monitoring and predicting land use changes using LCM module in the Sarabeleh area. Land sat images of year 1988، 2001 and 2011 were employed to produce digital land use maps. The images were classified into five classes including forest، rangeland، barren land، agriculture and residential areas. LCM module in Idrisi GIS software was used to analyze the land use changes and predict the land uses status in 2011، based on artificial neural network (ANN) and Markov Chain analysis. ANN was trained with various influencing factors include distance from road، distance from residential areas، distance from forest edge، fragmentation index، elevation، slope and aspect. The results indicated that 14691 hectares of the forest cover have been degraded during the period 1988-2011. Furthermore، the barren land areas have been increased 9874 ha in comparison to initial situation. The results of transition power modeling using artificial neural network showed high accuracy in most of the sub modules (60-86%). The total error in modeling for the year 1390 image obtained as12/84% which represents conformity between the predicting of mode land ground truth image and acceptability of the model. Also، the result shows that forest area will decrease in the year 1400 compare to 1390 while، barren lands increase.

A faunistic study of long-legged flies'' subfamily Dolichopodinae (Dip.; Dolichopodidae) was carried out in the central and west parts of Arasbaran forests during 2013. In this study 15 species belonging to five genera of this subfamily were collected and identified، including Dolichopus austriacus Parent، 1927، Dolichopus campestris Meigen، 1824، Dolichopus clavipes Haliday، 1832، Dolichopus longitarsis Stannius، 1831، Dolichopus signifier Haliday، 1832، Dolichopus simplex Meigen، 1824، Dolichopus subpennatus d''Assis Fonseca، 1976، Hercostomus fulvicaudis (Haliday، 1851)، Hercostomus gracilis (Stannius، 1831)، Gymnopternus angustifrons (Staeger، 1842) *، Poecilobothrus bigoti Mik، 1883*، Poecilobothrus chrysozygos (Wiedemann، 1817)، Poecilobothrus comitialis (Kowarz، 1867)، Sybistroma crinipes Staeger، 1842*، Sybistroma clara (Negrobov & Onishchenko، 1991) *، among them four species are reported for the first time from Iran that are marked by asterisk. An identification key to the genera and species as well as their geographical distribution and diagnostic characters along with the photos of the newly recorded species to the fauna of Iran are given.

Ectomycorrhizal fungi have an effect on forests stability and preserving trees against phytopathogens. The aim of this research was to collect، identify and compare ectomycorrhizalfungi associated with beech forests in two selected sites include healthy and degraded ecosystems of Mazandaran and Gilan provinces. Sampling procedures was conducted in three one hectare sample plots of different stages of vegetation development (early، optimal and degraded) in Caspian beech forests. Due to the diversity of the fungi and their specific characters، samples were transferred to laboratory appropriately. Overall، 29 genus and 30 species were identified of which 7 species accounted as ectomycorrhizae. The identified fungi are as follows: Boletus edulis*، Cantharellus cibarius*، Helvella crispa*، Laccaria laccata*، Russula rosea*، Scleroderma citrinum*، Scleroderma verrucosum*

To study performance as well as susceptibility and resistance of selected poplar clones against two key pests، ten clones were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2004 to 2007. Nine out of 25 trees in the middle of each plot were selected. Field sampling was conducted at the end of growing season of diameter and height and the pest''s damages as well. Recorded data were analyzed using SAS software and the means compared with Duncan''s test. Analysis of variance conducted on obtained data of diameter and height revealed a significant difference between the clones. Among the poplar clones، the comparison of means showed that P. nigra 62. 127، P. deltoides 69. 55، P. nigra 63. 135 and P. nigra 62. 154 had the highest height and diameterwhile P. alba was the lowest one. Analysis of variance conducted on obtained data of damage by Paranthrene tabaniformis and Cerura vinula indicated significant difference between the clones. Mean infestation of Paranthrene tabaniformis were highest on clones of P. nigra dartoom (native)، P. nigra 62. 127، P. x. euramricana 455 and P. x. euramericana 561. 41 (in a single group). The lowest damage was observed on p. alba beshghardash. The highest damage level of C. Vinulawas observed on clone P. x. euramericana 561. 41 while the lowest damage were seen on P. deltuides 69. 55and P. alba beshghardash There was no damage on P. alba 44. e�Y mi
����sis were also done for all phases. Comparison of the treatment means using Duncan test showed that there was significant differences (P<0. 01) in number of seeds per pod produced by the treatments، Gharayonje variety with 6. 183 and variety of Kouzareh with 4. 379 had the most and least average of seeds per pod، respectivly. The significant differences were also observed in undamaged seeds، sampling times and interaction، as variety of Kefandoa with 91. 46% and variety of Rahnani with 79. 45% had the most and less of undamaged seeds respectivly. In comparison of sampling times، there were also significant differences in seed damage between sampling time. The least damage (2. 90%) was observed in the seeds harvested in first sampling (mid-August)، however the highest percentage damage (20. 37%) caused by the pest occurred in third sampling (early September). The results showed that in the early September، the wasp activity reaches its peak. Therefore it can be concluded that mid-August is the best harvesting time to reduce the pest damage to the seed crops.

The alfalfa seed chalcid، Bruchophagus roddi (Guss) is one of the most serious alfalfa seed pests in Iran. There are differences in susceptibility to B. roddi between alfalfa cultivars. The present study was carried out to examine susceptibility of some alfalfa clones to a alfalfa seed chalcid. The experiments were arranged as a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 25 treatments (25 alfalfa cultivars) repeated in three replicates and fulfilled in Ismaeil Abad Station، Ghazvin، Iran. Sampling was conducted in four phases from 12th Aguest to 21st September with an interval of 10 days. Analysis of variance was individually carried out for each phase، combined analysis were also done for all phases. Comparison of the treatment means using Duncan test showed that there was significant differences (P<0. 01) in number of seeds per pod produced by the treatments، Gharayonje variety with 6. 183 and variety of Kouzareh with 4. 379 had the most and least average of seeds per pod، respectivly. The significant differences were also observed in undamaged seeds، sampling times and interaction، as variety of Kefandoa with 91. 46% and variety of Rahnani with 79. 45% had the most and less of undamaged seeds respectivly. In comparison of sampling times، there were also significant differences in seed damage between sampling time. The least damage (2. 90%) was observed in the seeds harvested in first sampling (mid-August)، however the highest percentage damage (20. 37%) caused by the pest occurred in third sampling (early September). The results showed that in the early September، the wasp activity reaches its peak. Therefore it can be concluded that mid-August is the best harvesting time to reduce the pest damage to the seed crops.

Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) is an abundant tree in the Northern forests of Iran and recognition of the morphological features of this species is helpful to understand complex ecosystem of our forests. Due to favorable climate and soil conditions، there are rich vegetation as well as flora and fungi in some parts of the northern forests of Iran. The purpose of this study was to study the relationship between the frequency of and some morphological features of hornbeam trees as well as identifying the fungi responsible for their wood-decaying. After primary field inspection، fungi samples were collected in the summer and autumn from hornbeam trees. The collected samples belonged to compartments 110، 207 and 311 in educational and research forests of the University of Tehran. Of 48 live standing hornbeam trees in the compartments، 15 species of wood-decay fungi were identified. Six species including Armillaria mellea، Hypholoma fasciculare، Crepidotus sp.، Pluteus sp.، Coprinus sp.، Ganoderma applanatum are first report on Hornbeam in Iran. The achieved statistics using SAS software and Duncan test illustrated that the location of macrofungi on hornbeam trees was significant at 1% (p<0. 01). However، there was no meaningful connection to the classification of tree height، diameter at breast height، crown symmetry، and branchiness. The highest frequency of wood macrofungi was concentrated on the trunks of trees، middle story، diameter classes greater than 80 cm، and asymmetric branched crowns، respectively. Since macro fungi play a crucial role in forest management، selecting appropriate silviculture methods so as to preserve these highly valuable elements is of paramount importance.

Pests infestation increase in central Zagros has been catalyzed by the environmental stresses such as drought and overgrazing. To assess host preference behavior in orchard ermine Hyponomeuta padella L.، six infested forest sites with topological feature variation in Bâzoft region in central Zagros were selected. Sampling was conducted in the months of June and July 2012. Each site was divided into one-hectare plots and pest infestation density، larva web thickness; tree density as well as hawthorn features (diameter at breast height، height، intercalary growth and crown asymmetry) were measured. We found no relation between infestation rate and crown asymmetry، but pest attack significantly increased by twig’s intercalary growth. Based on these results، hawthorn density and hawthorn to oak ratio were the main factors affecting pest outbreak in Bâzoft. A minimum number of 10 hawthorn trees per hectare (one third of tree cover) are enough for pest establishment in a given area. The results of this study could be used t0 identify pest infected areas and determine factors affecting the severity of pest infestation in Bâzoft forests.

In the course of study natural enemies associated with the insect pests on forest trees and shrubs in Arasbaran forests، a number of Yponomeuta evonymella L. larvae were collected on wild cherry and reared in the laboratory. A parasitoid wasp belonging to the family Ichneumonidae was collected and identified as Diadegma armillatum (Gravenhorst، 1829). The identification was further confirmed by the second author in the hymenoptera section of the Zoological Museum of Munchen، Germny. This species is a new record for Iran.

Preliminary investigation was conducted on leafhoppers and plant hoppers fauna of rangeland and natural vegetation in Yazd province by repeated sweeping of rangeland plants and bushes with an insect net during 1994-1997. A total of 24 leafhopper and plant hopper species were collected on 14 host plants from various places. So far، 10 species collected on 6 host plants have been identified by M. Taghizadeh and late Hayek Mirzayans. Of these، 4 species were on common pistachio (Pistacia atlantica)، 3 on Hammoda salicornica and 1 on each of Halothamus subaphyllus، tamarisk (Tamarix aphylla)، saltwort (Salsola tomentosa) and saxaul (Haloxylon persicum). Detailed data such as host plant and date of collection are provided in table 1.