مجله تحقیقات گیاهان دارویی و معطر ایران
سال بیست و هشتم شماره 3 (پیاپی 57، پاییز 1391)

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the seed storage protein of seven different species of Papaver in Ardabil Province, Iran by SDS-PAGE method. By scoring banding patterns data, a total of 20 loci were identified in the species. Maximum number of protein band (17 bands) was belonged to P. bracteatum and P. rhoease. Minimum number of protein band (13 bands) was related to the species of P. argemone and P. somniferum. Cluster analysis based on Jaccard's similarity matrix classified different species in four groups. Different species of papaver were classified as follows: P. somniferum in the first group, P. orientale, P. bracteatum, P. lasiotrix and P. rhoease in the second group, P. dubium in the third group and P. argemone in the fourth group. Different species showed a good variety with regard to the morphological traits (petal color and shape, seed color and size and plant height) and the species were classified in three separate groups based upon cluster analysis. Mantel test was performed to examine the correlation of morphological data with seed storage proteins. This test did not show significant correlation between these two groups of data possibly due to the low number of morphological traits and low number of molecular markers.

For investigating the effects of nitrogen, phosphor and bovine fertilizers on essential oil content and composition of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.), an experiment was arranged based on Complete Randomized Blocks Design, in three replication, from February 2009 to October 2010, at research farm of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. The treatments were: 1- nitrogen fertilizer in three levels (60, 90, 120 kg/ha), 2- triple superphosphate fertilizer in two levels (60 and 80 kg/ha) and the 3- bovine fertilizer in three levels (0, 15 and 30 tons/ha). The aerial parts of the plants were collected at the beginning of flowering and after drying their essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The results showed that different levels of urea fertilizer had significant effects on essential oil percentage and yield at level of 1%. Also, nitrogen fertilizer had significant effects on percentage of chrysanthenyl acetate and santolina triene. Bovine fertilizer had also significant effects on oil percentage and yield, camphor, camphene and santolina triene percentage at level of 5%. The highest amounts of oil percentage (0.32%) and yield (19 kg/h) were obtained by application of 60 Kg/h urea fertilizer. In addition, GC and GC/MS analysis showed different levels of bovine fertilizer had significant effect on percentages of main components of feverfew essential oil.

The genus of Colchicum is known for the production of colchicine which some species such as C. kotschyi Boiss. and C. robustum Stefanov are grown in Iran. The level of colchicine varies in different species as well as stages of plant development stages. In the present study, colchicine content and dry matter of corm and seeds in C. kotschyi and C. robustum, growing wild in Iran, were determined during different phenological stages. The plant materials were collected in different seasons (spring, summer, autumn and winter), during 2009-2010 and the amounts of colchicine were determined by high liquid performance chromatography method. The highest amount of colchicine of corm in both species was observed during autumn, in the time close to the beginning of activation of the root, with amount of 0.077 and 0.049% (wt/wt) in C. kotschyi and C. robustum, respectively. The lowest amount of colchicine of corm in C. kotschyi was found to be 0.0058% (wt/wt) during summer, before flowering stage, while the lowest amount of Colchicine in C. robustum was found to be 0.0075% (wt/wt) during winter, synchronous to flowering and vegetative growth. Colchicine content in seeds was found to be 0.128 and 0.0462% (wt/wt) in C. robustum and C. kotschyi, respectively. The highest and the lowest of corm dry matter in both species were found in summer and winter, respectively.

This study was aimed at optimizing the medium composition of Ganoderma lucidum in submerged culture for efficient production of mycelial biomass and extracellular polysaccharides (EPS). The effects of various carbon sources (glucose, lactose and maltose), carbon source concentration (40, 50 and 60 g/l) and medium pH (3.5, 4.5 and 5.5) were studied on the production of mycelial biomass and EPS at 29±1°C. The experimental was factorial on the basis of randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications. The results showed that the highest (8.588 g DW/l) and the lowest (4.953 g DW/l) mycelial biomass were obtained in medium containing maltose and glucose respectively. Also, among the carbon sources, the medium containing maltose produced the highest (1.551 g/l) polysaccharide but the lowest polysaccharide (1.41 g/l) was produced in medium contacting lactose. No significant differences were observed among the different concentrations of carbon sources and the pH of the medium in terms of mycelial biomass and polysaccharides production. Finally, comparing the different combination of submerged culture media of Ganoderma lucidum revealed that the best combination of carbon source and pH for mycelial biomass production was maltose with concentration of 50 g/l and pH=4.5, while maltose with concentration of 40 g/l and pH=5.5 was identified as the best combination for EPS production.

In order to study the effect of organic manure and biofertilizer on some morphological traits and yield in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), an experiment was conducted as factorial experiment in the base of randomized complete blocks design with twelve treatments and three replications at homand research station in Damavand of Iran in 2010. The factors were cattle manure in four levels (5, 10, 15 and 20 ton/ha) and plant growth promoter bacteria in three levels (inoculation with azotobacter, inoculation with azospirillum and inoculation together). Besides, these treatments with a control treatment (without fertilizer) were also evaluated using a randomized complete blocks design with thirteen treatments and three replications. Results showed that the highest umbel no./plant, 1000 seed weight, and seed yield were obtained with consumption of 15 ton/ha cattle manure. Plant growth promoter bacteria also showed significant effects on umbel no./plant and seed yield (except 1000 seed weight). The maximum umbel no./plant were obtained with two treatments of inoculation with azotobacter and inoculation with azospirillum and seed yield were obtained with azospirillum inoculation. Interactions between factors on umbel no./plant and 1000 seed weight were significant. Differences between control and other treatments were significant, as umbel no./plant in treatment of 15 ton/ha cattle manure application and inoculation together and also, 1000 seed weight and seed yield in treatment of 20 ton/ha cattle manure application and inoculation with azospirillum were higher than control.

Lovage (Levisticum officinale Koch.) is a perennial plant from Apiaceae family which is cultivated in many countries for medicinal uses. Active substance of this plant is used as a diuretic to cure kidney stones and urinary diseases. To evaluate the quantitative and qualitative changes in essential oil of flowers and fruits, this experiment was carried out at Zardband in the north of Tehran. Flower samples were harvested at full flowering stage and fruits were harvested at immature and ripe stages. After drying in room temperature at 250C, the essential oil was extracted with hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus. The results showed that the total yield of essential oil (w/w) in the flowers, immature and ripe fruits were 0.6%, 1.8% and 2.8% respectively. The essential oil was analyzed by using GC and GC-MS. The identified constituents in the essential oil of flower, immature and ripe fruits were respectively 18, 19, 19 components. In essential oil of the flowers, the main compounds were Z-ligustilide (52.4%), β-phellandrene (26.6%) and α-terpinyl acetate (10.4%). However, the composition changed as follows: β-phellandrene (47.8%), Z-ligustilide (38.5%) and α-terpinyl acetate (3.6%) for immature fruits and Z-ligustilide (35.1%), β-phellandrene (34.4%) and α-terpinyl acetate (4.2%) for ripe fruits as the major compounds. The results revealed that the percentage and the components of the essential oil in various organs of this plant were different, and ripe fruits were the best source for extraction of the essential oil, with regard to the essential oil yield.

Plants of Alliaceae family are an important source of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. The major antioxidant activity in plants is related to Polyphenoles. Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds are due to their reducing potential. This study was carried out to identify and determine the amount of phenolic compounds such as Tannic acid, 8Hydroxyquinoline, Vanillic acid, Caffeic acid, Salicylic acid and1-Naphthol in edible parts of two varieties of Iranian onion, namely, red onion of Azarshahr and white onion of Neishabor and measuring their antioxidant activity. The extracts were prepared from powdered onions by 1.2 M HCl in 50% methanol/water and the amount of their antioxidant activity was measured by using DPPH radical. Phenolic compounds were identified and their amount was determined by HPLC. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of edible parts of two varieties of Iranian onion were identified and measured. The results showed that the amount of phenolic compounds in different varieties of onion was different and the maximum phenolic compound was observed in the red onion. Antioxidant activity of red onion was higher than that of white onion.

Origanum strobilaceum Mobayen & Ghahreman belongs to Lamiaceae. Thirty eight species of the genus were known so far which are categorized in 9 sections. The species is aromatic and its essential oil compositions are valuable. In this research, for the first time, the essential oil content and composition of O. strobilaceum was studied. The aerial parts of the plant were collected from janat rodbar in Mazandaran Province road at full flowering stage. After drying the plant materials, the essential oil was obtained by hydro-distillation method. Identification of essential oil constituents was done by using GC and GC/MS. The results showed 29 constituents in this oil that presented 97.3% of total oil. The main components of the oil were P-cymen (25%), E-caryophyllen (14.4%), thymol (9.6%), carvacrol (5.3%) and cumin aldehyde (5.1%). This oil had some similarities and differences with O. vulgare oil with high content of phenols, thymol and carvacrol as well as germacrene D and caryophyllene.

Rhabdomyolysis is an injury of skeletal muscle and it causes leakage of cellular contents including myoglobine. Myoglobinuria may produce acute renal failure due to the oxidative reactions. In the present study, the effect of silymarin and vitamin C (as natural antioxidant) was compared on myoglobinuric renal toxicity in rats after glycerol injection. This study was carried in 7groups of rats: Group 1: control, group 2: glycerol, group 3: glycerol + silymarin by injection, group 4: glycerol + silymarin and vitamin C by injection, group5: glycerol + vitamin C by injection, group 6: glycerol + silymarin by orally and group7: glycerol + vitamin C by orally. Serum of rats was isolated 24 hours after glycerol injection. Serum concentrations of BUN, creatinine, sodium and potassium were determined as renal function indexes. Also myoglobine, gama glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase levels were measured by kit. According to the results, the glycerol caused muscular injury and significantly elevated myoglobine. This elevation was controlled by injection of vitamin C. The changes of other serum factors were better controlled by injection of vitamin C than that of silymarin. Myoglobinuric renal failure was modulated by oxidative stress as vitamin C showed a protective effect. However, Silymarin did not have any effects on muscular injury and renal toxicity while it was effective when co-administrated with vitamin C.

To investigate the crop water requirement of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.), an experiment was carried out in the Alborz Research Complex during 2007-2008. Crop water requirement was determined using Penman-Monteith method and lysimetery. The Penman-Monteith method was used to estimate the evapotranspiration of the hypothetical reference crop with fixed crop parameters. The Kc coefficients for Achillea millefolium were calculated to be 0.16, 0.45, 1.05 and 0.81 for the initial, development, middle and the late stages (80 percent of plant flowering) of growth, respectively. According to the results, Achillea millefolium could be recommended for dry land farming areas with minimum 149.72 mm annual rainfall.

In order to study the effect of water deficit stress and different nitrogen levels on seed yield, yield components and water use effeciency of Calendula officinalis L., an experiment was conducted as split plot design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications, at research field of Islamic Azad University of Birjand branch in 2009. In this research water deficit stress set as main factor with three levels (irrigation after 60, 120 and 180 mm evaporation from pan class A) and nitrogen set as sub factor with four levels (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha-1). The results showed irrigation trearments had significant effect (α=1%) on seed yield and it,s components, biological yield, harvest index and water use efficiency for seed and biomass. With incereasing of irrigation intervals from 60 to 180 mm evaporation from pan class A, seed number per capitul, number of capitul per m2, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, number and dry yield of flower decereased 26.6, 49.5, 39.6, 79.3, 65.6 and 72 percent, respectively. The highest biomass yield and weight of one capitul was releated to irrigation after 60 mm evaporation treatment, but irrigation after 60 mm evaporation treatment had the highest WUE. Also the results showed that nitrogen fertilizer trearment affected significantly (α=1%) all traits except capitul number per m2 nitrogen fertilizer application increased these traits, significantly. Interaction of irrigation and nitrogen on all traits was not significant. In conclusion, irrigation after 120 mm evaporation with 120 kg N ha-1 had suitable seed yield with the highest WUE for seed.

Indiscriminate use of antibiotics and consequently increase resistance of bacteria has led to a demand for new agents and components. To produce new drugs, different sources especially plant species are considered by researchers. The objective of this study was to investigate the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Juniperus horizontalis Moench. Leaves and fruits of Juniperus horizontalis were collected in winter and the essential oil was prepared by hydro-distillation and analyzed by GC/MS. The antimicrobial activity was determined by disk diffusion method against 13 bacterial species. The minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of essential oils were determined based on microdilution method. The results indicated that two main components in leaves and fruits were sabinene (30.2% - 38%, respectively) and limonene (26.3% - 27.8%, respectively) followed by bornyl acetate (10.7%) in leaves and myrcene (22.6%) in fruit oil. Essential oil of the leaves showed significant antimicrobial effect against 12 species from 13 tested bacteria species. Only Citrobacter frondii was resistant to the oil. The fruit essential oil had a weak activity against four of thirteen tested bacterial species.

This research was conducted to study the cause and effect of morphological, physiological characters and some elements of camphorosma monspeliaca L. in natural habitat. Plant samples were collected by using 9 sampling plots at full flowering stage. Morphological traits including plant height, number of tillers, big and small diameter of the canopy cover, dry weight of plant shoots and dry weight of flowering shoots were measured. Soluble sugar content, proline, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, chlorine and iron were also measured by using different methods. Correlation, factor analysis, stepwise and path analysis were used for identifying effective traits on shoot yield and essential oil percentage. The results showed that there was significant positive correlation between total shoot yield with number of tiller(r = 0.96**), canopy diameter 1 (r = 0.84*), canopy diameter 2 (r = 0.86**), flowering shoot yield (r = 0.79*), total chlorophyll 1 (r = 0.77*), chlorophyll b (r = 0.67*) and iron (r = 0.84*). There was significant negative correlation between total shoot yield with soluble sugars (r = -0.80**), proline (r = -0.88**), calcium (r = -0.70*) and chlorine r = -0.94**). Significant positive correlation was observed between flowering shoot yield with number of tillers, canopy diameters1 and 2, essential oil percentage, total chlorophyll 1 and iron. Essential oil percentage showed significant positive correlation with number of tiller (r = 0.79*), canopy diameters 1 (r = 0.79*), canopy diameters 2 (r = 0.83**), total shoot yield (r = 0.76*) and shoot flowering yield (r = 0.84**) shoot yield and iron (r = 0.86**). The results of factor analysis showed that first component with number of tillers, big and small canopy diameters, total shoot yield, flowering shoot yield, essential oil percentage and iron could justify more than 55% of total variance. The result of stepwise analysis on dependent variable (essential oil percentage) showed that iron and total shoot yield with a determination coefficient of 0.8048 were entered to the regression model. The result of path analysis showed that iron had the highest direct positive effect on essential oil percentage. According to the results of stepwise analysis, number of tillers and plant height were entered to the regression model. The result of path analysis showed that number of tiller had the highest direct positive effect on total shoot yield.

Native and endemic plants are considered as genetic reserves of every habitat and due to favorable morphological traits, resistance to pests and diseases and adaptation to ecological conditions are of utmost importance. The aim of the current research was to identify medicinal plants from Arasbaran flora, Mardanaghomchay watershed and ethnobotanical study related to medicinal plants and its determinant factors. To achieve this goal, after identifying the region's flora and separation of the medicinal plants, data were randomly collected through questionnaires as 180 samples were taken from the population over 20 years old. The results showed that 30% of the region's flora included valuable medicinal plants belonging to 56 genera and 30 families, among them Labiatae, Compositae, Rosacea, Urticaceae, Umbellifereae and Grossulariaceae respectively were more harvested by local people for medicinal purposes. Data analysis of the questionnaires in SPSS software with coefficient correlation of Spearman and Kruskal-Wallis test revealed that among the effective factors on identification of medicinal plants in the region, the relationship between knowledge and harvesting of medicinal plants and access to rural health center for treatment was significant (P= 0.05). It means that access to the physician has been effective on knowledge of the local people with medicinal plants and its relation with access of foresters to surrounding towns for cure is significant while there was no significant relation between the knowledge and rural people age, literacy level and the consumption of synthetic drugs (P= 0.05).

In order to evaluate the effect of chemical and biological nitrogen on growth and secondary metabolites production of Pimpinella anisum L., a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Chemical nitrogen in three levels of 0, 60 and 120 kg/ha and biological nitrogen (nitroxin) in three levels of 0, 3 and 6 L/ha were applied as treatments. Results showed that the effect of chemical nitrogen and nitroxin on fertile ombellete/umble, seed yield, essential oil content and essential oil yield, biologic yield, harvest index seed and harvest index essential oil was significant. Means comparisons showed that the maximum (13.1) and minimum (12.2) number of ombellete/umble were respectively recorded for the treatment with 3 l/ha nitroxin and control treatment (without chemical and biological nitrogen). The highest seed yield (872.8 kg/ha) was obtained from 3 L/ha nitroxin and 60 kg/ha chemical nitrogen while the lowest seed yield (478.3 kg/ha) was obtained from control treatment. According to the results, maximum essential oil yield (115.14 kg/ha) was recorded for the treatment of 3 L/ha nitroxin and 60 kg/ha chemical nitrogen, and the minimum oil yield (55.35 kg/ha) was obtained from control treatment.

Drought stress is the most important factor which negatively affects the plant growth and crop productivity in arid and semi-arid areas. The main problem which Iranian farmers are faced with cultivation of garlic (Allium sativum L.) is low production efficiency and performance. Therefore, in a field experiment, the effect of IBA (0 and 100 ppm) was studied on growth parameters, bulb yield and allicin content of a local garlic cultivar under water deficit conditions (40% reduction of available water) in 2010 in Jiroft. The results showed that drought stress significantly reduced chlorophylls (a, b and total), caretenoids, anthocyanins, bulb and allicin yield, plant fresh weight, root fresh weight and also increased ion leakage. However, it had no significant effects on the percentage of allicin. In contrast, under non-stress conditions, IBA significantly improved most recorded parameters and reduced ion leakage and amount of anthocyanins while it had no effect on product quality and quantity under water deficit conditions. Compared with the controls, IBA increased plant fresh weight, bulb yield, and allicin respectively by 30%, 19% and 25%.