فصلنامه پژوهش در علوم ورزشی
پیاپی 17 (زمستان 1386)

Needs assessment is one of the important instruments for decision making. To be informed of needs in the world today is a valuable factor, because without regarding the needs, every executive activity will be fruitless. For this reason, any program, like sport programs, require exact recognitian of current conditions and needs of society, since failiur in considering expectations of individuals who participate in this programs, leads to wasting of expenditur, time, and human resources. So, recognition of Iranian females needs from different social classes about sport for all, in order to collect a national model in this field was the main objective of this research. The type of this research is survey study and the researcher has used one of the needs assessment methods which is called Delphi Technique.

The presence of female spectators in men’s sport fields is common nowadays. In the Islamic Republic of Iran there are some social and cultural criteria which necessitate a special definition for the presence of women in men’s sport fields as spectators, so that while none of the cultural and moral eminent values are offended, women can realize their legal and rightful demands. This research will evaluate the perception of various classes of society, regarding the presence of female spectators in the men’s sport competitions. The population of this research consists of various groups of people in the Islamic Republic of Iran, with more than 15 years of age; the total number of subjects is 2497, divided into two age groups of 15-30 and more than 30 years old. To choose the sample group, the researchers evaluated the sample volume in each province due to its population and finally the sample group was selected randomly from different provinces. In order to gather data a researcher-made questionnaire was used and the distribution of X2 􀏭 􀄮= 0/05 was chosen for data analysis. A great number of samples expressed enthusiasm towards sports and watching sport competitions. This eagerness is greater among female Samples who are less than 30 years old, including ordinary women mostly with high school diploma or less. One reason for the reluctance of various classes of society towards watching sport competitions inside the stadiums, especially clergymen and experts, is the disgraceful behavior and lack of respect to the eminent moral values by some male spectators in addition to the broadcasting of competitions on TV and the far distance between their residence and sport complexes. On the other hand, most of the samples believe that the presence of female spectators in the sport venues will induce male spectators to be more considerate of moral issues and principles. Most of the subjects believe that considering special places and seats for female spectators and families in the stadiums and sport halls can be useful. Even watching the competitions in turns and in sequence among men and women, attracted the attention of some subjects

The goal of this study was to determine effects of globalization on the sport strategies from the viewpoint of physical education experts in Iran. Researchers were trying to determine the role of globalization in planning and execution of sport strategies. In addition, we looked for an answer to this question that which factors affect sport strategies? Questionnaires of study were sent to more than 200 faculties of universities in Iran with the master and Ph.D. degrees. 169 subjects (almost all population was included as subjects of study) answered the questions and returned the questionnaire to researchers. Reliability and Validity of questionnaire was calculated using statistical procedures and a pilot study was done prior to main phase of study. According to findings of study, media and values, has important effects on sport strategies. The strategies, as subjects mentioned, should be coordinated with global trends. Small number of subjects believed that current trend of the country is coordinated with the process of globalization.

Identifying the constraints inhibiting women from participating in recreational sports in the country, is a great step towards introducing new approaches leading to a greater participation of women in sports activities and consequently improving women's physical and mental health. The aim of this study is to investigate the significance of various structural, intrapersonal and interpersonal constraints inhibiting women from participating in recreational sports. Women's personal attributes were also considered in the analysis. To this aim, the hierarchical model of leisure constraints was utilized to help us not only recognize the constraints in Iran but also check the adaptation of this model with the country's existing situation. For this reason, the hierarchy of the three-fold constraints inhibiting women from participating in recreational sports was investigated, at the same time, the differential effect of the three constraints on women with different personal attributes, including age, job, number of children, marital status and education, was identified. The instrument used in this study was a questionnaire provided by the researcher. It was first checked for the reliability and validity and was then distributed among the women in Tehran. The results of the analysis showed that among the three constraints, Structural constraints are the first and Intrapersonal and interpersonal constraints occupy the Second and the third position respectively. This result holds true for all women with different personal attributes. Another finding of the study was that the order of the constraints in three-fold hierarchical model was not approved in this study

The purpose of this study is to recognize the effective factors on hooliganism of soccer fans in Iran in order to provide officials and decision makers with some approaches to prevent, oversee, and control this phenomenon. A questionnaire is used to collect data related to research variables. The coefficient of Cronbach Alpha for determination of reliability is examined above 75%. The population includes all fans that attended Azadi complex in order to watch 61st Perspolis - Esteghlal match. Samples are 383 persons on the basis of “LIN” tables with 95% meaningful level, but because of nonsense answers, the researchers distributed 400 questionnaires and analyzed them with cross tables, Chi square and Spearman correlation. The results show that variables like age, education, and socio-economic conditions have a reverse and meaningful relation with emergence of hooliganism, and environmental conditions have a direct relation with it. Fan’s marital and occupational status does not have a meaningful relation with hooliganism. The improvement of some factors like ticket mechanism, transportation, welfare facilities, referee’s judgments, performance of players, coaches, and the police have a preventing effect on the hooliganism of the fans.

The purpose of this study was to consider the condition of physical education course in Yazd province, Iran. Participants include physical education teachers, physical education experts of the Ministry of Education, and male or female administrators of guidance schools and high schools in Yazd province. The number of participants (n = 333) was assessed using the Gergesay-Morgan Table. Four questionnaires and an assessment inventory were used to evaluate personal characteristics and attitudes of participants toward different aspects of context in which physical education lessons occurred. After the validity and reliability of questionnaires were insured by experts (Cronbach's alpha 0.71-0.90), SPSS software was used to analyze data. Statistical test were Man- Witney U, Kruskal _ Wallis, One _ sample T test and Spearman correlation coefficient. The results indicate that subjects believe increasing the time specified to each person in physical education and students with physical education textbooks are priorities fro promoting the level of physical education in schools. There was a significant difference between attitudes of male and female physical education teachers and also between that of teachers of guidance schools and high schools (P>0.05). The difference between outdoor areas specified to physical education in guidance schools and high schools in the Yazd province and that of the country was significant (P>0.05). Generally, the volume of space for physical activity in Yazd proving in better than that of the country (2 m2 outdoor space and 0.056 m2 indoor space for each student).

This paper seeks to determine the relationship between fatigue andphysical activity in faculty staff members of University of Shahid B􀆗honar, Kerm􀆗n. To this aim, all faculty members of the University of Shahid B􀆗honar participated in this study from among which 201 people have been chosen using Morgan Sampling Table. The relationship between fatigue and physical activity was calculated with two questionnaires that their reliability was tested using Cronbach Alpha. Statistical calculations were done by SPSS software. The results reveal that there is a significant relationship between prevalence of fatigue and the extent of physical activity with a 5% error probability. The results indicate that the overall average of fatigue is considerably high. A decrease in personal performance had the highest average between other subcategories of fatigue, namely emotional exhaustion and loss of personality characteristics. The physical fitness of the faculty members proved to be not in an acceptable condition.

purpose of this study was to determine the role of TV in the sport development and to prepare an applicable model. For this purpose, 4 statistical populations were selected from people involved in the sports media: sports media managers, sports media experts, sports managers, and sports management experts. The subjects (n=342) were selected proportional to the number of the population (n=560). Subjects answered to a researcher-made questionnaire about present condition and the desired roles of TV in sport development. The questionnaire had 41 questions on 5 sub-scales including: the sports social organizations, financial, human resources, social and cultural factors, and educational factors. The research methodology was descriptive and casual- comparative and data was gathered by exploiting a survey method. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the present condition and the desired roles of the TV regarding the 5 sub-scales. From the view point of participants, the priorities in sub-scales in order to develop sports were: developing public sports, developing sports industry, selecting expert managers, decreasing the drug consumption, and designing, constructing and using sports facilities scientifically and based on current standards. In conclusion, in order to achieve the desired state in development of sport by TV, can make use of the priorities in TV planning and programming. Accordingly, an applicatory-contingency model was prepared to improve and coordinate the sports TV programs.