فصلنامه پژوهش در علوم ورزشی
سال پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 18، بهار 1387)

Hanjar (v.4) software has been produced to provide norm standards for windows area to determine physical fitness levels and ranking individuals based on physical abilities. For the pilot study, the software was tested on guidance schools boys in cities of Tehran province as statistics population. 200 volunteer boys, who are guidance school students in karaj, Mallard and Eslamshahr cities, participated in ten physical ability tests as statistical sample subjects. Then, the results were entered into the computer. The Hanjar software based an Z standard scales and normal carve computes the standard norm for each test and then it identifies ranking percents of subjects from 1 to n rank and sorts them. Finally, the best subjects in all of the tests were predicted and ranked. This software can rank the subjects according to previously made norms and even based on the mean and standard deviation of records. Hanjar software V.4 can also provide norms for all tests records on boys and girls and also, it can save results, correct and print data. Accessing this software is possible by means of changeable password. This software was used for determining the schools and universities scales and also, was used for entrance practical tests in universities.

This study investigated the variety and prevalence of sport injuries among the national handicapped athletes. The relationship between the types and place of the injuries and athletic background, athletic field, and the type of impairment were also studied. Considering the prevalence of the types of injuries, the highest level of injuries were muscular injuries (42.47%), and joint injuries (24.1%); ligament injuries (14.44%); skin injuries (9.79%); bone injuries (7.22%); and other injuries (1.95%). Considering the place of the injuries, the highest levels were upper extremities injuries (47.24%), and lower extremities injuries (29.98%); and head, neck, and trunk injuries (22.76%0). It was concluded that there was no significant relationship between the types of injuries and length of handicapped. The relationship between places of injuries, and duration of impairment was significant for upper extremity injuries only (P<0.05). The relationship between the types of injuries and athletic reputation were only significant for joint injuries (P<0.05). The relationships between the locations of injuries and athletic reputation were only significant for upper extremity injuries (P<0.05). The relationship between the type of injuries and different sport fields in the cases of bone, and ligament injuries and other injuries were significant (P<0.05). The same case was significant for skin injuries (P<0.05). The relationship between the locations of injuries, and the different sport field were only significant for lower extremity injuries (P<0.05). The relationship between the types of injuries and varieties of impairment was significant for joint and other injuries (P<0.05). The relationship between the places of injuries and the types of impairment, were significant for upper and lower extremity injuries (P<0.05).

There is an obvious significance for studying the state- dependent Characteristics of personality in sport psychology. One such characteristic is the "Trait Confidence" which is of critical importance in sport programming and talent identification. Therefore, introducing a Persian version of trait sport confidence inventory (TSCI) and evaluating its psychometric measures deems necessary. After the translation procedure, to determine its validity, reliability and age norm, the inventory was tested on 593 male and female students (10-18 year olds) who had attended the 2005 Sport Olympiad. The principle determinant analysis method, VariMax Rotation, Cronbach's alpha, test- retest correlation, and most descriptive statistics were used to determine validity, reliability, simple structure, and norms, respectively. The study results revealed appropriate characteristics of the Persian version of the inventory.

The purpose of present study was to compare the selective fundamental motor Skills (Over-arm throwing and Catching) of seven – year – old males and females of Urmia. 102 males and 102 females participated in this study. Data was collected by taping fundamental motor skills from three angles, namely front, back and side. General characteristic of these skills were considered by Seefeldt et al. (1983). Method for catching and Roberton - Halverson (1984) method for over-arm throwing. The data was analyzed descriotive statistics and Mann – Whitney U. The results indicated no significant differences in catching skill between groups. But in over – arm throwing skill the males were significantly better than females (P<0.05).

Sport and active recreation can make a significant contribution to country's economy via producing and selling sport equipments. Providing these services generate direct, tangible economic benefits and these can be measured in relation to the scale of the national economy- the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Spending on sport is one of the most important direct economic benefits that sport creates. The purpose of this study was to estimate the economic impact of household expenditure and conception pattern on sport in Iran, to help demonstrate the value of the sport sector in Iran. In order to identifying the relationship between household expenditure on sport and national economy, we used the urban and rural household expenditure inquiry based on the GPD classification in 1998 & 2001. Our results indicated that total household expenditure on sport in Iran was 509 billion Rials, which is 0.22% of total household expenditure, 37.04% of GDP and 0.01% of GDP in 1998. Total household expenditure on sport was 651 billion Rials, 0.17% of total household expenditure, 22.79% of GDP and 0.09% of GDP in 2001. Thus it is less than the standard rang in the world. The main reason is average sport participation, which is only 36% and less than average household income in Iran.

The purpose of this study was to consider the condition of physical education course in Yazd province, Iran. Participants include physical education teachers, physical education experts of the Ministry of Education, and male or female administrators of guidance schools and high schools in Yazd province. The number of participants (n = 333) was assessed using the Gergesay-Morgan Table. Four questionnaires and an assessment inventory were used to evaluate personal characteristics and attitudes of participants toward different aspects of context in which physical education lessons occurred. After the validity and reliability of questionnaires were insured by experts (Cronbach's alpha 0.71-0.90), SPSS software was used to analyze data. Statistical test were Man- Witney U, Kruskal _ Wallis, One _ sample T test and Spearman correlation coefficient. The results indicate that subjects believe increasing the time specified to each person in physical education and students with physical education textbooks are priorities fro promoting the level of physical education in schools. There was a significant difference between attitudes of male and female physical education teachers and also between that of teachers of guidance schools and high schools (P>0.05). The difference between outdoor areas specified to physical education in guidance schools and high schools in the Yazd province and that of the country was significant (P>0.05). Generally, the volume of space for physical activity in Yazd proving in better than that of the country (2 m2 outdoor space and 0.056 m2 indoor space for each student).

Increasing the HDL cholesterol level 1 mg may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by 2 or 3 percent. This protective effect of HDL is due to its role in the process of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). RCT process consists of removing excess cholesterol from peripheral cells to the liver to exert as bile. The first step of RCT mediates by ABCA1. Dysfunction of ABCA1 in human and animal model leads to severe decrease of HDL level and incident of arteriosclerosis, while the over-expression of this gene has opposite effects. So it seems that knowing the activator of this gene may have beneficial effect in prevention of cardiovascular diseases. To examine the effect of exercise training of the expression of hepatic ABCA1, 10 male wistar rats were subjected to treadmill running for 7 weeks, 5 days a week, 4-min with 26 m/min during each training session. The results of this study clearly showed the expression of hepatic ABCA1 following the 3 weeks of endurance training. So it seems that one of the positive effects of exercise training in prevention of cardiovascular diseases may be the expression of ABCA1, which is the first and key step in reverse cholesterol transport.

This study undertaken to determine the prevalence and causes of muscle- skeletal, joint, and bone injuries among physical education students in Shahroud University of Technology. One hundred and thirty three subjects (83 females and 50 males, age 22 ± 4, BMI 25. 17±1.2) voluntarily participated in this study at the first semester of 2005. A questionnaire used to collect data: SPSS software was used to analyze the data, and descriptive statistics was employed for the discussion. The results demonstrate that 80% of females and 79% of males were injured during their educational activities. Muscle- skeletal injuries with 75% comprise the higher and bone injuries with 2% comprise the lower rate of injuries. The percent of joint injuries was 23 between male students of physical education. The prevalence of injuries between female students was muscle- skeletal 64% joint injuries 32% and bone injuries 4%. Discussion and At the end, the results indicated a higher rate of injuries than was previously reported. The primary cause of injuries in female students was neglecting safety precautions, and after that, not warming up before exercise. While, the main reason of male students, injuries was the lack of essential equipments and the secondary reason was fatigue and improper nutrition. Accordingly, some preventing actions deems necessary by managers, instructors, and students.

The purpose of this investigation was to assess female student athlete's awareness and performance of injury prevention strategies. Retrospective study of 290 female students (Means±SD; Age 21/4 ±1/8) participating in eight university Olympiads in Kerman. The means of data collection was a modified version of Hawkins and Fuller (1998) questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, T- test, ANOVA, LSD, and Pearson product correlation were used to analyze the data. The results of this study indicated that female student athletes had highest awareness (4/57 ± 0/55) and performance (4/65 ± 0/56) a bout Warm-up, and the lowest awareness and performance about nutrition (3/61± 1/07), Flexibility (1/5 ± 0/60) and strengthening exercises (1/05 ± 0/57). No significant difference was found between different athletes in terms of awareness. Performance of Basketball and indoors soccer players was higher than other players. Physical education students had better injury prevention performance (3/22±0/69). No significant different was found between national and non-national athletes in terms of injury prevention awareness and performance (p>0/5). The results of this study showed that female student athletes had lowest awareness about nutrition and also their lowest performance in Flexibility and strength training. Conduction of workshops and conferences in the risk factor and injury prevention could improve athletes and coache's awareness about sport injuries.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of one progressive session training in a day during one week on some hepatic enzymes in active girls. 13 female students of physical education having mean of maximal oxygen consumption of 41.07±5.1ml/kg.min selected and randomly they were divided in to experimental group (1 session of exercise in day, n=7) and control group (n=6). Venous blood samples were utilized for analysis before the exercise (base line) and on day 1, 4, and 7 during the exercise period, as well as after the 24 hours last progressive session exercise. ANOVA, paired and independent t-test are used for statistical analysis at P<0.05. The results of this study indicated that AST was increases significantly (P<0.05) higher after 1,4 and 7 days exercise than at the resting level, but after 24 h of end period, this Doff was significantly (P<0.005) lower than the exercise day. Also the fourth and seventh days of protocols, exercise stimulated a significant increase in serum ALT concentrations over control day values (P<0.01) and (P<0.05) with no significant difference in the magnitude of this response by time of first day progressive session exercise. The value of ALP levels at 1, 4 and 7thdays of exercise were elevated (P<0.01, P<0.01 and P<0.001), where as it response to 24 recovery significantly at a given rest is diminished (P<0.001). These result suggested that acute exposure to progressive session exercise without adequate recovery could be evaluated, and caused a more dramatic increase in hepatic enzyme. It is salient to note, therefore, that 24h recovery period time status was followed by a progressive session exercise could not be sufficient and effectively used to apply compensation of sub-cellular and cellular necessity stress with to exercise intensity.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a 10-week physical therapy regimen on motor function in people with parkinson's disease. Twenty-four male parkinson's disease patients voluntarily participated in this study. Subjects were randomized into the experimental (n=1 2) or control group (n= 1 2). Before and after the intervention in both groups, subject's motor function was assessed using Short Parkinson Evaluation Scale/ Scale for Outcomes in Parkinson Disease (SPESISCOPA) questionnaire, under supervision of physiotherapist. During the 10-week physical therapy subjects in the control group were treated only by their pharmacological therapy, while subjects in the experimental group in conjunction with their standard medical therapy, participated in 1-hour physical therapy sessions four times a week. Data analysis demonstrated that, regarding motor function of subjects, there were no significant differences between two groups at the beginning; however after the treatment, all subscales of motor function between two groups were significantly different. In the experimental group, the intervention improved all subscales of motor function significantly; though, no significant changes observed within the control group. In conclusion, physical therapy in conjunction with standard medical therapy, could have a positive effect on motor function of people with parkinson's disease, and therefore can be beneficial for them.

The purpose of present study was to consider the anthropometric characteristics of 11-17 years old Uromia female and to compare with NCHS standard. 1522 students (634, guidance school and 888, high school students) had been chosen randomly to participate in this study. At first, general characteristics (height, weight and BMI) were measured and after that anthropometric characteristics (Triceps skinfold, Subscapular skinfold, Suprailiac skinfold). Finally, mid-upper arm circumference, waist circumference, buttocks circumference, elbow breadth and wrist breadth were measured. Data analysis was conducted by t-student (independent). Results showed that means of height, weight' and BMI was significantly lower than NCHS in 11,12,13,15,16,17 years old groups (p􀂔 0.01). Waist circumference was lower than NCHS in all old groups, but only it was significant in 6 and 17 years group (p􀂔 0.05). Buttock circumference was lower than NCHS in all old groups, but these differences wasnt significant. Mid-upper arm circumference was significantly lower than NCHS in 11,13,15,17 years old groups (p􀂔 0.01). Triceps skinfold was significantly lower than NCHS in 14 and 15 years old groups (p􀂔 0.05).Elbow breadth was significantly lower than NCHS in 11,12 and 13 years old groups (p􀂔 0.01). Wrist breadth was significantly lower than NCHS in 11 years old groups and was significantly higher than NCHS in 17 years old groups (p􀂔 0.05). Finally, the results of this study showed girl students in Uromia schools dont have sufficient physical growth and probably they may have malnutrition. According to the results it is imperative to pursue the process of growth, regular body activity and suitable nutrition in girls based on international standard.