Health Education and Health Promotion
Volume:5 Issue: 1, winter 2017

The American Dental Association (ADA) defines oral health literacy as “the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain process and understand the basic health information and services needed to make appropriate oral health decisions [1].
Individuals with low level of health literacy are less likely to understand and follow treatment recommendations, and lack the skills needed to make informed decisions about their own health care. Oral health status is inexorably linked with general health as evidenced by the association between poor oral health and chronic diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and respiratory diseases [2]. Little research has examined the association of health literacy with oral health though limited health literacy is reliably linked to poor knowledge of oral health concepts. The association between low health literacy and poor health outcomes is well established; however, in the context of oral health, the literature offers few studies identifying the relationship between health literacy and oral health outcomes. It has been suggested that people with low health literacy are at the highest risk for oral diseases and problems [3]. Furthermore, low health literacy may be associated with barriers to accessing care and with oral health behaviors such as seeking preventive care. While there is considerable literature on health literacy in medicine, it is a relatively new area of research in dentistry. Several studies have shown that oral health literacy is associated with both the adults’ and their children’s oral health status [4]. It is believed that oral health literacy may be contributed to oral health disparities since those with low oral health literacy are more likely to be poor, not well educated, older, and with limited English language skills [5]. In addition, individuals with low literacy are unable to communicate effectively with health care providers; this gap in communication may account for their worse oral health status. Although dentists often provide the patients with some oral health literacy skills in the clinical practice, they are not always able to identify those that may not be able to readily understand health explanations and instructions, resulting in poor oral health outcomes. So there is much need for quick and easy-to use oral health literacy tools that will allow for a comfortable experience for both providers and patients in identifying the individuals requiring special methods of communication in the clinical settings [6]. In conclusion, the importance of oral health beyond dental care is reflected in the WHO Global Oral Health Program, which is predicated on disease prevention and health promotion. Priority action areas of the WHO are directed at improving oral health literacy to drive increased knowledge and health-promoting behaviours. Internationally, interest in oral health literacy is driven by oral health disparities, particularly for disadvantaged groups with conditions such as dental caries and periodontal disease contributing substantially to the global burden of disease. One important means to promote oral health literacy in diverse populations is to develop a dental workforce that is both culturally and linguistically competent, and is as culturally diverse as the Iranian population; however, there are three challenges that must be addressed to enable schools to achieve this level: traditional structure and function of schools, teacher's practices and skills, and time and resources. Strategies are proposed to address all three areas and reduce the impediments to achieving the goals of health literacy and public health using the school as a setting. Therefore, oral health promotion is needed to beyond dental care. Briefly, we conclude that health literacy is a pathway to better oral health in primary school students.

Aim: Female sex worker's capacity for sexually transmitted infections is a major concern in the developing countries, such as Iran. This study aimed to explore the social determinants of sex work among female sex workers.
Qualitative approach was applied, and the participants were recruited from two shelters and three harm reduction drop-in centers (DICs) in Tehran. Seventeen in-depth interviews and two focus group discussions were conducted with female sex workers. Inclusion criteria of the present study were Iranian women aged 15-45 years, being sexually active in the past 12 months, ability to comprehend Farsi, and being eager to participate in the study. Purposive sampling with maximum variation sampling was used for data gathering. Content analysis was applied for data analysis.
Findings: Three main themes emerged in the data analysis process: family, inefficient education, and social risks. The subthemes of family included lack of financial support, lack of emotional support, unbounded family, and inappropriate husband. The subthemes of inefficient education were defect of education in the family, lack of education in the community, and peer education. The subthemes of social risks included risky society and risky friends.
It is recommended that the role of family, friends, and peers to be highlighted to families. Also sexual health education must be provided for youth and high risk groups, such as sex workers.

Aim: As one of the most important factors in interpersonal interactions, attachment style develops in childhood and continues in future according to the context where one grows. The aim of this study was to explore the predictive power of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) for attachment styles in housewives in Birjand, Iran.
This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 200 housewives referring to health centers in Birjand in 2016. The participants were selected by the cluster sampling method, and were assessed using Collins and Read’s Adult Attachment Style Questionnaire (RASS) and a researcher-made questionnaire with regard to the constructs of TPB. The data were analyzed in SPSS-19 using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, stepwise regression, ANOVA, and ANCOVA tests. The significance level was set at P values less than 0.05.
Findings: A significant negative correlation between marriage duration and anxious attachment style (r=-0.145) and a significant positive correlation between marriage age and secure attachment style (r=0.180) was found. The avoidant attachment style was correlated positively with attitude and perceived behavioral control variables, and the anxious attachment style was associated negatively with attitude and perceived behavioral control variables. The attitude and subjective norms constructs predicted 6.7% of the avoidant attachment style, while attitude predicted 4.6% of the anxious attachment style.
TPB is a weak predictor of attachment styles. Thereby, indirect effective factors and contributors to attachment styles should be identified.

Aim: Every year, a huge number of incidents of irreparable damage to personnel and industries occur, most of which are predictable with identifying hazards as well as risk assessment and control. Therefore, in order to prevent occupational accidents, the automotive industry is one of the top priorities for evaluating and identifying the hazards.
The purpose of this study is to identify, control and rank the hazards of actions and processes in the hazardous automotive industry. This descriptive-analytical study was carried out in 2017 in one unit of Iran Khodro Company by using FMEA method. Also to accurately assess the health risks and make decisions for corrective actions to prioritize hazard risks, Wiliam Fine and AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) methods were used, respectively.
Findings: In this research, a list of 301 risks in 7 units including cutting line, assembly line, prototyping and modification, manufacturing, packaging, quality control, laboratory, and repair and maintenance were provided. The results of FMEA method indicated that the highest risk priority number (RPN) is related to the risks of particle swirling in grinding operations (336). Moreover, based on the results of William Fine method, the exposure to noise in the Kissing & Wessich Sersim Strandbauft operation was rated at 540 and 500, respectively, with the highest risk of evaluation. The risk of exposure to noise (Kicking operation) with a relative weight of 0/1904 was ranked the first.
The results of the hazard analysis showed that the effect of noise pollution that leads to hearing impairment in the staff is very high.

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of occupational accidents among farmers with an emphasis on the role of extension and education in reducing these incidents.
This study was conducted through a literature review. For this purpose, we investigated books, documents and articles related to research topics in the period of 2000 to 2017.
Findings: Various factors are effective on the incidence of occupational accidents as well as on the type, amount and severity of injuries resulting from accidents at work. Farmers and agricultural workers are not excluded from occupational accidents. The affecting factors on occupational accidents in agriculture are classified in three categories: farmers’ characteristics, agricultural environment, and agriculture technologies.
Occurrence of incidents in agricultural occupation is inevitable. Identifying the factors affecting the incidence of accidents can help to reduce the occurrence of incidents among farmers. The agricultural extension and education according to the abilities and talents in the field of agriculture and rural society can reduce accidents and work-related risks and improve the farmers’ occupational health.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of self-care consultation on the nutrition and physical activity of women who are planning for pregnancy in Karaj, 2016.
In the present study, 40 women who were planning for pregnancy constituted the research sample who were selected by convenience sampling. Data collection tools included demographic questionnaire and self-care check list based on “CDC preconception health indicators, 2009”. Consultation was done based on 5A (asses, advise, agree, assist and follow-up) model. Self-care score scope was measured before, one month and three months after consulting in the area of nutrition and physical activity (with 19 questions). This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Alborz University of Medical Sciences. Also a clinical trial registry (IRCT2016042827557N2) was performed. Sampling was performed from April to December 2016. One and three months after counselling sessions, the follow-up was done. SPSS v22 and Friedman and Wilcoxon tests were used to analyze the data at the significance level of 0.05
Findings: The results showed that the self-care level of women planning for pregnancy in the area of nutrition has changed significantly one month (p=0/001) and three months (p=0/0001) after consultation. Also their physical activity increased significantly one month (p=0/001) and three months (p=0/0001) months after consultation.
Counselling based on self-care plays an important role in improving the nutrition and physical activity of women planning for pregnancy. Based on individual capabilities, focusing on self-care can promote their performance in the area of nutrition and physical activity before pregnancy.

Aim: Caesarean section is dramatically increasing across the world. Pregnant women have an increasing tendency for caesarean section without acceptable medical indications. In general, 50 to 60% of childbirths in Iran are cesarean section. Despite the high complications of cesarean section, they are not caused by medical problems. Therefore, the current survey aims to screen the effect of education on choosing delivery mode based on BASNEF model.
A quasi-experimental study was done on 160 nulliparous women in the third trimester of pregnancy who were assigned randomly to the intervention (80 subjects) and control (80 samples) groups. A researcher-made questionnaire was utilized to collect the required data. Education and its content were developed according to the BASNEF model and the pregnant women's educational requirements. Numerous education methods were implemented in all target groups of intervention including pregnant women, their family and the health staffs. To analyze the data, paired and McNemar tests through SPSS version 18 were utilized. Significant level was also considered Findings: The majority of women were in the age range of 24-20 years. Only 1.2% of the women were illiterate in both groups. Knowledge, attitude, enabling factors, subjective norms and intention were significantly different between the two arms before and 2 months after the intervention (p=0.001) except for intention. In addition, in the intervention group, they get information significantly from friends, families, printed materials, educational films, educational sessions in the Health Centers, and the health personnel after the intervention (p=0.001).
Designing educational programs about delivery mode based on BASNEF model appeared to be beneficial due to the model‟s emphasis on subjective norms and enabling factors; therefore, educational programs based on change behavior model can notably decrease the unnecessary cesarean section in the country.