Health Education and Health Promotion
Volume:7 Issue: 1, Winter 2019

Oral health is a necessity and part of general health. Due to the effects of poor oral health and untreated oral diseases on quality of life and prevalence of these diseases at school ages, this study aimed to determine the effect of oral health education using combined training on adopting dental caries preventive behaviors among elementary students. In this quasi-experimental study, girl students at elementary schools in the town of Kootabdollah during the second semester of the academic year of 2017 were selected by multistage cluster random sampling method and they were divided in two groups of 60 students into intervention and control groups. Data collection tools included demographic and background profile questionnaire and Valid Scientific Researcher Questionnaire to assess knowledge, attitudes and behaviors in the case of dental caries prevention that at three levels: before, immediately after and two months after the intervention by students was completed. The experimental group received two training sessions in a form of combined training. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software using appropriate tests. There was no significant difference between experimental and control groups before the intervention (p>0.05). But, immediately after and 2 months after the intervention, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in mean scores of knowledge, attitude, and behavioral (p<0.05). Combined training can increase knowledge, change attitudes, and improve the adoption of dental caries preventive behaviors that affect oral and dental health of students.

Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) implies one’s inevitable inhale of smoke within a polluted environment. The present Study aimed to investigate the extent to which Hormozgan province residents were exposed to ETS. In the present cross-sectional study, a sample of 3962 residents of Hormozgan province (Urban-rural) was selected through a stratified clustering method and entered the study. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire developed by the researcher which was comprised of two sections. The first section contained demographic information and also enquired about subject’s exposure to ETS as well as the smoking site. Chisquared test and binary regression were used. The collected data were analyzed via SPSS 19.0. 984 subjects (24.8%) were exposed to ETS and women were significantly more exposed to ETS than men (p<0.001). The most probable sites of exposure to ETS were found to be respectively home (52.6%), public places (25.5%) and workplace (21.9%). The highest degree of exposure to ETS was found in Bashagard County (69.6%) while the lowest degree showed to belong to Khamir (14.1%). A statistically significant correlation was found between exposure to ETS and age (p<0.001) and education level (p<.019). Awareness raising towards the hazards of ETS, warning against smoking indoors, monitoring how anti-smoking rules are applied in public places and workplace, the formation of domestic anti-smoking campaigns, informing the youth through mass media especially women and teenagers are all suggested to cut down on exposure to ETS.

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is often associated with social isolation, treatment rejection, and negative perception of the health status of patients. One of the methods to detect these problems is evaluating the quality of life. This study aimed at determining the effect of self-care behavior education on quality of life of patients after CABG based on Pender’s health promotion model. This semi-experimental was conducted on cardiac surgery candidates, who underwent CABG in the cardiac center hospital of Mazandaran, Iran in 2017. Subjects were selected and divided into two intervention and control groups, using block randomization. Sample size was estimated at 220 individuals (110 cases per group), and data were collected, using interviews with subjects, the self-care questionnaire based on Pender’s health promotion model in cardiac surgery candidates, and SF-36 quality of life questionnaire. Moreover, the patients were followed-up and trained for 3 and 6 months after the intervention. In this research, ANOVA results demonstrated that the different structures of quality of life significantly changed at 3 periods, including before, 3, and 6 months after the intervention (p<0.001). Furthermore, the mean total score of quality of life was higher in the intervention group (56.244±1.474), compared to the control group (48.120±1.508) in all 3 periods. According to the results of the study, it is recommended that the model designed and used in the current research be applied to perform healthcare behaviors, so that the quality of life of patients can be improved after cardiac surgery.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women.The Health Education Campaign (HEC) is an important educational strategy for breast cancer screening. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the (HEC) based training on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of women, regarding breast cancer screening methods. This was a pre- and post-quasi-experimental study conducted among 200 women over 20 years in Mazandaran Province. A self-made 34-item questionnaire was used to collect the data. A pretest was performed before the educational intervention and a posttest was conducted 12 weeks after the intervention. The data were analyzed by logistic regression, Pearson correlation coefficient, and one way ANOVA, using SPSS 22. The mean age of the women was 35.16 years. Based on paired t-test, the difference in the mean scores of knowledge and attitudes regarding screening methods in the women was significant (p≤0.0001) before and after the intervention. Also, based on the macnemar test, the difference between the early detection of breast self-examination (BSE) and clinical breast examination (CBE) was significant in the women studied before and after the educational intervention. According to the results of the study, the intervention had been able to change the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of women regarding breast cancer and early detection methods.

Despite the importance of adherence in increasing efficacy of treatment, controlling osteoporosis, and reducing costs of treatment, compliance with osteoporosis medications is less than expected. The aim of this study was to determine treatment adherence among women with osteoporosis. This qualitative research was conducted in Sanandaj, Iran in 2016. Participants were chosen through purposeful sampling method. Fifteen women with age 50 years and over, diagnosed with osteoporosis for at least 6 months, T-score below -2.5, and previously prescribed osteoporosis medication were selected. To understand the women’s views, semi-structured interviews were recorded, typed, and analyzed using content analysis. Criteria of credibility, confirmability, dependability, and transformability were used in order to verify the accuracy and consistency of the data. From data analysis, two main themes (Factors related to adherence and factors related to non-adherence) and 10 sub-themes (Social supports, motivational factors, symptomatology, medication side effects, psychological characteristics, economic status, cultural beliefs about illness and treatment, patient’s dissatisfaction, lack of knowledge, and medication factors) were identified. Treatment adherence is multi-factorial including individual, psychological, social, economic, and cultural factors. Improving health literacy and increasing awareness about the benefits of medications may promote greater medication adherence and improve clinical outcomes for patients with osteoporosis.

First year for the undergraduate students is not only a time for increased stress, but a time of increased risk for the development of physical, social, academic, and psychological health problems due to the toll this stress can take Spiritual health is considered as an important aspect of human health. The aim of the present study was to examine moderating effects of spiritual health on negative life events and psychological distress in freshmen. This descriptive correlational study was conducted between 2016 and 2017. We sampled 277 freshmen in Lorestan University, Iran, based on the simple random sampling method. The students completed the Adolescent Life Events Questionnaire (ALEQ), Spiritual Health Scale, and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS). Hierarchical linear regression analyses were used to examine the moderating role of spiritual health, using SPSS 24.0 software. Negative life events was positively correlated with stress (r=0.45; p<0.01), anxiety (r=0.52; p<0.01), and depression (r=0.48; p<0.01). Also, spiritual health was negatively correlated with negative life events (r=-0.47; p<0.01), stress (r=-0.39; p<0.01), anxiety (r=- 0.43; p<0.01), and depression (r=-0.37; p<0.01). Spiritual health was also a moderator in the relationship between negative life events and psychological distress. Spiritual health is an important moderator of student’s negative life events on psychological distress. Higher levels of spiritual health is associated with lower levels of psychological distress.

Aims Schools health education can ensure the health of society and encourage health behaviors among the students. This study was carried out to explain the barriers of health education fromthe viewpoint of the school health trainers, using qualitative content analysis.
Participants & Methods This qualitative study was conducted at the schools of Sanandaj,located in the west of Iran in 2016. Using purposive sampling, 15 school health trainers withhealth education experience were included in the study. The data were collected through individual interview, group discussion, observation, and field notes, and were analyzed by conventional content analysis. To ensure the accuracy and consistency of data, the acceptability, confirmability, and transferability parameters were taken into account. Findings The results yielded 5 major categories, including “shortage of educational facilities”, “poor educational planning”, “student’s challenges”, “trainer’s problems,” and “poor administrative system”.
Conclusion Considering the barriers to health education programs at schools, authorities are required to pay more attention to promotion of health and inter-sectoral and extra-sectoral collaboration, as well as emphasizing the close relationship of home and school.

Female employees are more prone to develop osteoporosis. Exercise is the main factor preventing osteoporosis and an efficient method to increase bone density. This study was aimed to evaluate the relationship between health belief model constructs and stages of exercise behavior change in the prevention of osteoporosis among Iranian female employees. This cross-sectional study was carried out in Iran, in 2016. A total of 585 female employees were selected through multi-stage sampling. A three-part questionnaire, including demographic information, health belief model constructs and stages of exercise behavior change was completed by the participants through self-report. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS 22 software. The findings showed that 64.1% of female employees had no exercise activity. Perceived benefits and perceived self-efficacy were directly correlated with cues to action external and cues to action internal, respectively (p<0.01). The means of perceived benefits, perceived self-efficacy and cues to action external showed statistically significant differences during the stages of exercise behavior change (p<0.05). In logistic regression, the remains of the influencing factors of exercise behavior were perceived self-efficacy and cues to action external. Exercise activity among the female employees was low. Interventional studies seem necessary to be conducted to promote exercise behavior in female employees