نشریه دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز
سال سوم شماره 4 (پاییز 1393)

Of course, improvements in health, nutrition and care of life expectancy has increased in most countries, and this is associated with the development of industrial and technological. The elderly population in any society are increasing. Because elderly patients and their caregivers to help, it also is important for health care providers. This is a descriptive – analytic research and it was done in Tehran in 1391-1392. There are 200 participants (101 elders aged caregivers and 99 elder brain stork’s nurses) who randomly were choose and 120 of them are females and 67 males and we used interview and demographic questioners, depression questioner Cattle stress questioner and SF-36 life quality questioner. After collecting data, we used SPSSV.16 and Kolmogrov-Smirnov and Yumen Vitni, independent T-tests, averages Comparisons and operational several variables multivariate analysis of variance. It showed there were 50.5 percent aged caregivers and 49.5 percent brain stroke’s caregivers, 66.49percent of aged caregivers and 71.99percent of brain stroke’s caregivers had physical health, 14.22percent of aged caregivers and 13.76 percent of brain stroke’s caregivers had depression and also 36.00percent of aged caregivers and 35.04 percent of brain stroke’s caregivers had anxiety. The results of this study showed that caregivers for patient care and nursing tasks, knowledge, skills and understanding they need. Caregivers who have sufficient support to carry out the tasks of preparation, physical and psychological problems are less.

Hydatidosis caused by Echinococcus spp. is a major zoonotic infection that is detrimental to both humans and animal hus‌bandries in many countries. Treatment of hydatid disease is mainly surgical, with medical treatment being reserved as a coadjuvant treatment. Use of effective scolicidal agents during surgery of cystic echinococcosis is essential to reduce the recurrence rate. The goal of this study was to evaluate the in vitro scolicidal effects of hydroalcoholic extracts of Punica granatum root on hydatid cyst protoscolices. Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices were collected from the liver of sheep infected with the hydatid cyst. Various concentrations of plant extracts(a.b.c) were used in different exposure times for viability assay of protoscolices. Among the root extracts tested, 0.1% con‌centrations had strong scolicidal effects in 6 hr. 0.1% and 0.01% concentrations of pomegranate root had protoscolices activity against in 4hr and 6 hr, respectively. The finding suggests that Punica granatum root might be used as a protoscolices agent in treatment of hydatid cyst.

In recent years, given the accelerated social changes, the prevalence of high-risk behaviors among different social strata has become a major concern for the society. Accordingly, this study was conducted to present proposed interventions for reduction of high-risk behavior of vulnerable women in Iran, based on rapid assessment and response model. This was a qualitative study using rapid assessment and response to identify needs of vulnerable women with such behaviors conducted over 8 months in 2 selected cities in Iran. In the assessment stage, study population consisted of vulnerable women, working professionally and illegally in the sex trade, selling their bodies in the city for money or commodity, during the period of this study and at least three months earlier, and key informants with experience, skill, and sufficient knowledge and history of management in issues of high-risk behaviors among SEX-workers. Semi-structured interview techniques, and question guide and open observations were used to explain high-risk behaviors. According to the results obtained, 3 categories were identified, including high-risk behavior patterns and influencing factors, awareness and attitude, and diagnoses and medical services needs. Based on the 3 categories found, interventional strategies were designed separately for each one. Among benefits of rapid assessment and response methods, is design of interventions with participation of stakeholders and vulnerable groups, which increases the likelihood of interventions becoming operational.

Leptospirosis is an infectious bacterial disease caused by pathogenic serovars of Leptospira. Development of reliable and applicable diagnostic test and also recombinant vaccine for this disease require specific antigens that are highly conserved among diverse pathogenic leptospiral serovars. Outer membrane proteins(OMPs) of leptospira are effective antigens which can stimulate remarkable immune responses during infection, among them LipL41 is an immunogenic lipoprotein which is present only in pathogenic serovars so it could be regarded as a good candidate for vaccine development and diagnostic method. In order to identify genetic conservation of the lipL41 gene, we cloned and sequenced this gen from Leptospira interrogans serovar vaccinal and field of Grippotyphosa. Leptospira interrogans serovar vaccinal Grippotyphosa (RTCC2808) and serovar field Grippotyphosa (RTCC2825)were used to inoculate into the selective culture medium(EMJH). The genomic DNA was extracted by standard phenol-chloroform method. The lipL41 gene were amplified by specific primers and cloned into pTZ57R/T vector and transformed into the competent E. coli (Top10) cells. the extracted recombinant plasmid were sequenced. And the related sequences were subjected to homology analysis by comparing them to sequences in the Genbank database. PCR amplification of the lipL41 gene resulted in the 1065 bp PCR product. DNA sequence analysis revealed that lipL41 gene between serovar vaccinal Grippotyphosa (RTCC2808)and serovar field Grippotyphosa (RTCC2825) in Iran was 100%. It was also showed that the lipL41 gene had high identity (96%-100%) with other pathogenic serovars submitted in Genbank database. The results of this study showed that the lipL41 gene was highly conserved among various pathogenic Leptospira serovars(>95.9 % identity). Hence the cloned gene could be further used for expression of recombinant protein for serodiagnosis and also can be a good candidate for vaccine against leptospirosis.

By considering, transactional model is one of the most comprehensive model for reduction of stress, this study was determined the role of Transactional Model constructs in Yazd teachers of Primary school by using of Structural Equation Model. This research was a descriptive- analytical. Categorized approach was applied for sampling. A standard questionnaire and the questionnaire planned based on Transactional Model were applied for data collection. Validity (CVR=0.85) and reliability (α=0.87) of instrument confirmed by experts. SPSS15 and LISREL8.8 software were used for data analysis. In this research 200 Yazd teachers of primary schools (average age of 41.70±5.69) were participated. The results of this study showed the effect of stress on secondary appraisal and primary appraisal was -0.87 and 0.84, respectively. Our results also showed an inverse relationship between perceived stress and secondary appraisal also between primary appraisal and coping effort. Also, the results were confirmed validity and good fitness of model, because of the RMSEA=0.0329 and index χ2/df were less than 3. Since the constructs of this model had a significant effect on the stress, it suggests the policies and plans for improvement of these factors.

History and Parasitical Diseases are the most important economic- health problems of most developing countries. Children who belong to very important constituents of society are at risk of such diseases. The parasitic transmission in some places with children come together has a very special importance because they interact closely to each others. Constant and regular study in developing countries for planning to control these diseases is essential. Thus, the present study aims to explore the prevalence of parasites and enterobius and effective factors in their spread among children of Karaj kindergartens in 1391. This is a descriptive study and sampling was random clustering from34 kindergartens out of 154 active kindergartens of 9 districts of Karaj city under supervision of state welfare organization of Karaj using a random number table. In this project the prevalence of enterobius and other intestinal parasites in 904 children from one to six years old in Karaj in 2o13 was studied. The number of samples was calculated using 95% confidence interval and relative accuracy of 35% and hypothetical prevalence of 5% of intestinal parasites to be 596. Considering 50% efficacy for clustering method, increased the sample size to 894. The questionnaires collecting the required data like age and gender of the child, and were used for gender, age, occupation and education of the parents and effective factors on infection with intestinal parasites like hand washing and using personal drinking glass and clinical symptoms in children and symptoms reported by the child to his/her parents or caregiver and the demographic data. The results of the scotch test, either positive or negative, were recorded. Formalin ether and direct smear test were performed on three samples of every case which collected for find determination inconsecutively. For the eneterobius diagnosis, the scotch test which is more specific was used. A totally of 904 samples were collected which 460 of them (50.9%) were male and 444 (49.1%) were female. The prevalence of intestinal parasite infection with formalin ether test was 16.7% and in Scotch tape test for Enterobius vermicularis was 2.3%. The most common protozoan was Blastocystis hominis in 84 children (9.3%) and Giardia in 66 children (7.3%). Additionally, infection with Endolimax nana was reported in 3 children (0.3%) and Entamoeba histolitica was reported in 4 children (0.4%). In this study there was a significant correlation between intestinal parasite and children’s age and also the way that vegetables were washed. According our results, the prevalence of intestinal parasites especially Giardia and Blastocystis in kindergartens of Karaj is high. This can be due to the lack of awareness of parents and children about the modes of transmission and Untreated infected persons and carriers that serve as carriers know. Health education to children, teachers and parents and six-month trial for child care staff and cure of infected people is effective in reducing the transmission of infection. Overall, poor personal hygiene, transmission of infection from mother to children and from child to other children are effective in persistence of the disease. Therefore high education of children, caregivers and parents and effective treatment of infected people are keys to reduce the rate of infection and transmission.

Chromium is one of the heavy metals present in effluents produced from industrial activities and exists in the trivalent and hexavalent state. It is mentioned that hexavalent chromium has is more hazardous due to its carcinogenic properties. Due to its hazard, Cr(VI) must be removed from wastewaters prior discharge into the environment. For this reason, the present aimed for removal of hexavalent chromium by Apple Scum and its modification with magnesium chloride and hydrogen peroxide. Apple Scum was obtained from Galin Plan as waste materials. The Apple Scum was modified with 2M MgCl2 and 30% H2O2. Several experimental parameters such as solution pH (1-9), contact time (1-100 min), solution temperature (20-60oC), adsorbent dosage (2-10 g/L) and initial chromium concentration (10-100 mg/L) was investigated. All experiments were done in batch system. The results of present work reveals that chromium removal efficiency was increased with increase in adsorbent dosage, contact time and initial chromium concentration, while decreased for increase in solution pH and temperature. Higher removal efficiency was observed at pH 1, 100 min contact time, 100 mg/L chromium concentration and 20oC temperature. At this optimal condition up to 90% of chromium was removed. In addition, the modification of Apple Scum leads to increase in chromium removal efficiency up to 98% for MgCl2 modified adsorbent and up to 95% forH2O2 modified one. The results of present work well demonstrate the waste Apple Scum for removal of hexavalent chromium and its sorption capacity will be improved in the case of modification with H2O2 and MgCl2.

Choosing the best surgical technique to reduce recurrence and complications of groin hernia surgery is very important. The purpose of this study was to compare outcome of two techniques, Lichtenstein repair and preperitoneal in patients with inguinal hernia. In this semi-experimental study, 240 consecutive with inguinal hernia randomly entered and divided in two groups, preperitoneal and Lichtenstein. They were compared during the operation based on incidence The rate of postoperative infection, urinary and digestive problems, hematoma and seroma in the operation, Chronic Pain, sensory disorders and relapse of inguinal area using independent t-test and Fisher exact test. The results showed that The incidence of chronic pain (p=0/002) and Relapse (p=0/003)in Kugel was significantly less than Lichtenstein technique. Other variables showed no significant difference between the two methods (P>0.05). According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that the Kugel hernia repair can be a safe alternative technique for Lichtenstein.