Iranian Journal Of Nursing and Midwifery Research
Volume:16 Issue: 2, Spring 2011

• Taking care of children makes them happy, lively and healthy, and it makes the society healthy. Children's rights have been discussed for years and the United Nation General Assembly has two conventions to prevent children abuse, the Minimum Age Convention of 1973 and the Convention on the Rights of the Child on 1989. However, in spit of these international agreements, the statistics show that the cases of children abuse increased from 749 cases in 1960 to one million cases in 1995 in the Western countries. Islamic republic of IRAN agreed this international agreement in 1993. This study investigated the nature, structure and process of children's right in the city of Isfahan.• The study is qualitative, using Content Analysis. The purpose of the study is to discover children's right nature, and to describe the existing condition. Sampling method was purposive (or judgmental) and continued until data collection was completed. Sample consisted of 43 children, parents and teachers or trainers. Data were collected by observing schools and other public communities and also by interviews which were recorded, transcribed, reviewed and coded in three steps using qualitative research methods, Thematic Analysis, to extract the main conception.• The findings of observations and interviews classified in 260 codes and then joined together again to extract the main concepts and categories related to children's rights. This step lead to 12 categories and in the third step, four major categories including psychological and personality, physical, economic and cultural factors were extracted.• Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that parents, teachers and other significant figures in the children's life should receive education on the children's rights and needs in various fields to become capable of developing policies and plans in this regard.

• Mental training considers sharing of mental health care information as the primary objective. The secondary objectives include facilitating dialogue about feelings such as isolation, sadness, labeling, loneliness and possible strategies for confronting with these feelings. Group therapy trainings have supportive functioning in accepting the environment so that the members are able to be part of the indigenous groups. However, no study has been ever done on the impact of this educational method on the communication problems of this group. This study aimed to determine the impact of group therapy training on the communication problems of Afghan immigrants.• This was a clinical trial study. Eighty-eight Afghan men were investigated. Sampling method was simple sampling method. Thereafter, the study subjects were divided randomly into two groups of test and control based on the inclusion criteria. Data collection tool was a self-made questionnaire about the social problems. For analyzing the data, software SPSS, independent t-test and paired t-test were used.• Reviewing the data indicated lower mean score of the social problems after implementing the group therapy training in social communication compared with before implementing the group therapy training. Paired t-test showed a significant difference between mean scores of the social communication problems before and after the implementation of group therapy training.• Given the effectiveness of the intervention, group therapy training on social problems in social communication of Afghan immigrants is recommended. This program should be part of continuous education and training of the Afghan immigrants.

• The aim of training midwifery student is to increasing scientific and practical abilities in trainees in order to present caring health services and so the evaluation tools of these abilities has a great importance. For evaluating considered tools and for the reason of midwifery theoretical special courses importance this study tries to evaluate content validity, criterion validity and base validity of academic exams.• This crossectional research is evaluated type that has been done on 18 special theoretical courses of midwifery in 2 semesters in 2007-2008. The data gathered by checklists. The data about questionnaire and the result of analyzing exam questions (final and midterm) have been compiled by 2 educating experts of medical education and 2 experts for each course. The data analyzed by SPSS software. For determining base validity spearman correlation test and for presenting descriptive results distribution tables applied.• The evaluation of 1013 questions showed that (in 18 courses) %61.18 of exams more than %90 of questions had content validity and in /%28.27 of exams more than %90 of criterion validity had been considered. The results show that in %92.38 of questions content validity and in %80.45 of questions criterion validity has been reported. 11 courses out of 11 courses (18) have base validity.• These survey shows that content validity of the exam questions in midwifery special theoretical courses are about favorable evaluate their considered content. But the criterion validity of exams questions have been far away from ideal level so it seems that education in each session can help the teachers leading them to achieve their exam purposes.

• Significant efforts have been directed to understand medication errors in recent years. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the factors contributing to medication errors and related areas for improvement, as perceived by nurses.• Two hundred registered nurses were asked to complete a questionnaire which asked them to identify types, stages and issues perceived as contributing factors to medication errors.• Out of 200 delivered questionnaire, a total of 126 of registered nurses responded or completed the questionnaire representing a 63% response rate. The leading types of medication errors were wrong patient (26.2%) and wrong dosage (26.2%). The highest level of medication errors were 48.4%, 31.7% and 11.1% related to nurses, physicians and pharmacists, respectively. In addition, the leading causes of medication errors were due to heavy workload (41.4%) and new staff (20.6%).• A wide range of factors perceived as contributing factors of medication errors were identified. These results provide valuable information that could be used to improve the medication system in Jordan.

• Schizophrenia is a debilitating psychotic disorder that affects patients’ personality, career-related and social functioning. Patients stop medications after discharge or inpatient care, when they feel relatively recovered. Most patients do not know that they are sick and they need medication for recovery due to lack of information and cognitive impairment, which makes them incompetent for self-care. A well designed discharge plan with disease management, prevention cares and education along with follow-up can significantly improve patients and decrease the health care costs; because it helps them to take care of themselves and maintain a certain level of health. This study aims to determine the effect of discharge, education and follow-up program on self-care abilities of patients with chronic schizophrenia.• This is a qausi-experimental study, using a hospital based accessible sampling method. Participants included 60 schizophrenic patients who were randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control (30 patients in each group). After their symptoms were relatively controlled, the intervention group received a service of post-discharge program and home-care for 6 months. Data were collected before, one month after education up to 6 month after discharge, using a demographic data questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnaire for self-care. Validity and reliability of instruments were approved by content validity and test–retest, respectively. Also, ethical approval for this study was obtained from the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science.• There was a significant difference between the self-care abilities after intervention (from month 1 to month 6) in the intervention group compared with controls. It means that conducting a discharge plan, education and follow-up has increased the self-care abilities of the participants in the intervention group compared with themselves and control group members.• Educating patients and their families and follow-up cares after discharge along with medications lead to independency, self-care improvement and cognitive and social functioning of schizophrenic patients.

• This study aimed to examine the association of state and trait anxiety with fear of childbirth to explore whether there was any support for the hypothesis that state and trait anxiety are risk factors for the fear of childbirth or not.• In this prospective study, 156 pregnant women referred to the health centers of Qom. The study samples selected using simple random sampling method. Anxiety and fear of the childbirth in nulliparous women were measured using Spielberger's state-trait anxiety inventory and childbirth attitudes questionnaire (CAQ) at gestational age of 28 and 38 weeks respectively. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, t-test, logistic regression and software SPSS16.• Pearson correlation test indicated a positive and statistically significant association between fear of childbirth scores and state and trait anxiety (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that state and trait anxiety at gestational age of week 28th increased the risk of fear of childbirth (odds ratio [OR] 2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.69-4.35) (p = 0.03) ([OR] 2.8, 95% [CI] 1.17-6.80) (p = 0.02) respectively. It also indicated that state and trait anxiety increased the risk of fear of childbirth at gestational age of week 38th ([OR] 2.7, 95% [CI] 1.03-6.80) and ([OR] 5.4, 95% [CI] 1.75-16.76) (p = 0.04) (p = 0.003) respectively.• The results support this possibility that state and trait anxiety could be considered as risk factors for the fear of childbirth. Hence, considering other included biological and medical factors, measurement and control of psychological factors in pregnancy is recommended.

• Treatment procedures are the most common sources of pain in children. Children with chronic diseases such as thalassemia experience many pains during painful procedures including at times of diagnosis, treatment and control of their disease. Several methods have been reported to reduce pain. Clinical professionals usually use distraction techniques to reduce pain. However, there is no agreement between them that which distraction technique is better for reducing pain. The aim of this study was omparing the effects of regular breathing exercise and making bubbles on the pain of catheter insertion in school age children.• This was a clinical trial on 60 children in the age range of 6 to 12 years, who were suffering from thalassemia and had a file in the Center for Thalassemia. Participants were randomly divided into two groups of experiment and control. Bubble making was performed for the first group and regular breathing exercise was performed for the second group. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, a scale for pediatric pain behavioral symptoms and Numeric Pain Rating Scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive (frequency, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (ANOVA, Kruskal Wallis, and Mann Whitney U tests and Spearman correlation).• The mean pain score based on the numerical scale was 5.60 ± 3.13 in the control group, 1.60 ± 1.75 in the bubble-making group and 1.85 ± 1.42 in the breathing exercise group. The mean score of behavioral pain symptoms was 3.80 ± 2.80 in the control group, 1.15 ± 1.13 in the bubble-making group, and 0.96 ± 0.75 in the breathing exercise group. Results showed a significant difference in the mean pain scores (based on numeric scale and pain behavior scale) between the control group and other groups after the injection, but the difference in the mean pain scores between the two groups of experiment after the injection was not significant.• According to the results of this study, both distraction methods of regular breathing exercise and bubble-making can reduce the pain of catheter insertion in children and since there was no difference between their effects, they can be used based on the individual child's interest.

• Group counseling is one of the most important methods in somatic and psychological rehabilitation of the multiple sclerosis (M.S.) patients. Knowing these patients’ experiences, feelings, believes and emotion based on learning in group is necessary to indicate the importance of group discussion on quality of life of the patients. This study was done to achieve experiences of M.S. patients from group training.• This was a qualitative study using phenomenological method. The samples were selected using purposeful sampling. Ten patients from M.S. society who had passed group training were included in the study. The group training was done through seven sessions weekly and voluntarily. The participants were interviewed using in-depth interview. The average time of each interview was between 30-50 minutes which has been recorded digitally and moved to a compact disc to transcribe and analysis.• The data analyzed using 7-step Colaizzi method. The data were transformed into 158 codes, 12 sub-concepts and 4 main concepts including emotional consequences, communication, quality of life and needs.• M.S can lead to multiple problems in patients such as somatic, behavioral, emotional and social disorders. Group psychotherapy is one of the methods which can decrease these problems and improve rehabilitation of the patients. Group discussion helps patients to overcome adverse feelings, behaviors and thoughts and guides them to move in a meaningful life. It also can improve quality of life and mental health of the patients.