مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان
سال دوازدهم شماره 11 (پیاپی 58، بهمن 1392)

A large number of athletes use nutritional supplement worldwide, and objective is to determine the prevalence and reasons for nutritional supplement use among athletes in body building gyms. At first five gyms were randomly selected from the list of all 50 gym of Kerman city in 2012. A researcher-made questionnaire which its content validity was confirmed, was filled out by athletes. The tool consisted of 4 parts: baseline questions, some questions regarding use of nutritional supplements, their opinions and reasons for supplements use. Out of 199 males enrolled in the study 48.7% were nutritional supplement user and the respective figure for female participants (n=86) was 4.6%. The most important reason for use was increment in exercise performance (77.3%) and fear of side effects was the most common reason for none-use. Nutritional supplement was more likely to be used by those with higher socioeconomic station (OR= 3.17), and those who engaged in bodybuilders (OR=2.57) and with exercise duration of more than two years (OR= 3.92). Regarding the relatively high prevalence of nutritional supplement use, sufficient and up-to-date supplement and nutritional education for athletes regarding their side effects and indications is warranted.

Pronated foot is one of the most common abnormalities associated with navicular drop and may be influenced by the hip muscles. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a strength exercise program on the hip abductor and lateral rotator muscles in pronated foot. This study was a randomized clinical trial of pre-and post-test. Thirty male subjects (ages 18-25) with pronated foot participated in this study and were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. Before starting strength training program, the pronated foot was measured by navicular drop test and the strength of hip abductor and lateral rotator muscles assessed using hand-held dynamometer. The experimental group participated in strength training program three days a week for six weeks. The control group was asked to continue their daily activity. After 6 weeks, pronated foot and muscles strength were measured again. Descriptive statistics, t-test for independent samples and paired sample t-test were applied for statistical analysis. The findings showed significant increase between pre and post-tests in the strength of hip abductor (p<0.001) and lateral rotator (p<0.000) muscles and pronated foot (p= 0.001) for the experimental group while no differences were observed in the control group (p>0.05). In comparison, the results showed that in both the experimental and control groups, at pre-test, there was no significant difference in pronated foot (p= 0.781) however, significant differences were observed in the post test (p= 0.043). The results indicated that increasing the strength of hip abductor and lateral rotator muscles can decrease navicular drop and correcting pronated foot.

Diazinon (DZN) as an organophosphate (OP) pesticide induces the production of free radicals and oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) as a n antioxidant against DZN- induced oxidative stress in rat liver and kidney. In the present experimental study, male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups including: control (vehicle, corn oil), DZN group (100 mg/kg), NAC group (160 mg/kg), and experimental group: co-treatment with NAC and DZN. Twenty four hours after injection, animals were anesthetized by ether, and then liver and kidney tissues were quickly removed. After tissues hemogenation, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, and the levels of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured by biochemical methods. The data was statistically analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc analysis using Tukey tests. DZN increased SOD, CAT and GST activities in liver and kidney and LDH activity in liver. The decreased GSH content and increased MDA level in liver and kidney were also observed. Administration of NAC significantly decreased SOD, GST and LDH activities in liver and decreased CAT activity in liver and kidney. NAC increased GSH level in liver and kidney and decreased MDA level in liver. Diazinon probably causes free radical production, which leads to the enhanced lipid peroxidation membrane and depleted GSH content in liver and kidney. Administration of NAC by directly eliminating ROS and GSH synthesis and decreasing DZN toxicity, but it does not protect completely.

Colors can cause major environmental pollutions and are responsible for the carcinogenic and mutagenic risks. In this study, single-walled carbon nanotubes have been carried out to determine the efficiency of removal of Acid Orange 7 (AO7) dye from synthetic textile wastewater. In the laboratory study, the color was determined in 484 nm using spectrophotometer. Batch flow laboratory study was designed to investigate the effects of the different parameters including adsorbent dose (0.05 to 0.4 g/ l), contact time (30 to 180 minutes), the initial concentration of the dye (25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/l), pH (3 to 11) and mixing intensity (40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 rpm) on the dye removal efficiency by single-walled carbon nanotubes. All sample test s were repeated three times and then, in order to compare the effect of different parameters, the collected data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA test. The results showed that the dye removal efficiency could be increased when the different parameters including adsorbent dose, contact time and mixing intensity are increased in this process. The results also showed that the decolourization of dye solution is inversely related to the initial dye concentration and the pH solution. The maximum dye removal efficiency was obtained while the adsorbent dose and pH were found to be 0.3 g and 3, respectively. Time of color removal was obtained by 180 min in equilibrium. AO7 adsorption isotherm follows Langmuir model (R2= 99.4%), and the pseudo second-order kinetics. The results showed that the single-walled carbon nanotubes are effective adsorbents for the dye removal from textile wastewater, especially AO7 dye.

The physiological changes in liver function in pregnancy are commonly transient and are rarely permanent. HIFs are important to treatment of injuries,inflammation and response to hypoxia. However exercise in pregnancy and some of environmental toxicities can influence HIF levels.The goal of this study was identification of endurance swimming by identifying HIF-1 proteins in pregnant rat liver exposure to cadmium. In this experimental study, 32 pregnant wistar rats were randomly assigned to four treatment groups(n=8):control, exercise, cadmium and cadmium-exercise. Experimental group were exposed to intervention programs of of swimming and cadmium for 3 weeks.Training protocol included 60 minutes swimming (1h/day,5days/week) during pregnancy. The pregnant rats received 400 ppm cadmium as cadmium choloride in drinking water. Statistical analysis data was obtained by one-way analysis of vaiance and Scheffe method. There analysis of results showed, maternal weight and maternal liver weight of cadmium group were lower compared with control group. HIF-1alpha levels significantly increased in exercise group and cadmium-exercise group compared with cadmium group (p<0.001). In contrast serum HIF-1alpha levels in cadmium group significantly (p<0.001) decreased compared with control group,butsignificantly (p<0.001). In conclusion, the findings data suggest that regular swimming exercise at submaximal intensity compensates of cadmium reducing effects of liver HIF-1alpha in pregnants rat.

Learners attitude of teaching - learning environment have a particular effect on learning skills and improving their performance during the course and their satisfaction after professional education. This study was designed to Predict learning outcomes based on the perceptions of the courses in Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. This cross-sectional study was performed in 2013. Medicine, Dentistry, Midwifery-Nursing and Paramedical students were selected based on census (n=314) from Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. Data gathering tool was a standard course experience questionnaire (CEQ) includes: Good teaching, clear and standard goals, appropriate assessment and workload that used to measure the perceptions of course. General skills (Lifelong learning skill) and course satisfaction were used for measuring learning outcomes and Previous semester’s grade point average (GPA) as an academic achievement. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and inferential parametric statistics (t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple linear regressions) In this study, good teaching, clear goals and sex variables were predicted 31 percent of the variance of lifelong learning skills. Good teaching, clear and standard goals, appropriate workload and appropriate assessment were predictors of course satisfaction. Sex, course field and clear and standard goals were predictor of GPA (p<0.05). This study shows the importance of teachers to represent good teaching that is a fundamental factor of learning lifelong learning skills and the course satisfaction. Authorities should be able to have educational interventions on promotion of lifelong learning skills field followed by course satisfaction.

Lymphovascular involvement is the main and most important prognostic factor in colorectal cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship of morphological differentiation and lymph/vascular involvement. In this cross-sectional study, the pathological results of 52 colectomy patients between 2006 and 2011 in Emam-Reza and Be’sat Hospital in Tehran with pathological confirmed colorectal cancers were analyzed. The X2 test was used to compare discrete variables. The findings are presented as a frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. There was no association between morphological differentiation and lymph node involvement (p= 0.936) as well as involvement of peripheral lymph nodes (p= 0.365). While the degree of morphological differentiation was significantly associated with vascular involvement (p= 0.031) and distant metastases (p= 0.031). Morphological differentiation of the tumor can predict vascular involvement and distant metastasis in colorectal carcinoma patients, although the association was not observed with the lymph nodes involvement.

Abdominal muscle's strength has a large impact on the trunk, sustains static, and reduces the pressure on the lumbar spine. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to compare the motor unit electrical activity of the abdominal muscles during different positions of sit-up. This experimental study was conducted on valunter fifteen participates without any history of neural diseases male. Surface electromyography were measured from rectus abdomen’s, oblique externus during sit-up exercise. Student t-test was used for statistical analysis. The results indicated that the rectus femora’s muscle in sit-ups flexed and supported leg exercise whereas their activity in sit-up. Also the oblique externus abdominal muscle was more active in sit-up extended and supported legs exercise than their activity in sit-up extended and supported legs. The functional results of this study help to coach, notice to this fact that strengthen any muscle with motion that more involved it.