مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان
سال پانزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 85، اردیبهشت 1395)

Antibiotics are one of the important sources of environmental pollution in recent years and are harmful for human health and environment. Therefore, the purpose of this research was investigating removal of penicillin G from aquatic solution by activated canola.
This study was an experimental-laboratory research and performed at batch system. The effect of various parameters including contact time, pH, concentration of Penicillin G and dose of adsorbent was investigated. The adsorption data was explained by adsorption isotherms and kenitics. The penicillin concentration was determined by spectrophotometer in wavelength of 515 nm using hydroxylamine method. All experiments were repeated thrice and data were interpreted and analyzed through SPSS 18 software.
The results showed that pH value of 3, penicillin G concentration 10 mg/L, adsorbent dosage of 5 g/L and contact time of 75 min were determined as the optimum conditions. The penicillin G removal efficiency of 99.1% was obtained in the optimum conditions. The equilibrium data is best fitted on Langmuir isotherm and Pseudo second order kinetic. The maximum adsorption capacity for Langmuir model was calculated to be 11.4 mg/g.
The result of the present work shows that Canola can be used as an effective and low-cost adsorbent for removing penicillin G from aqueous solution.

Road Traffic Injuries (RTI) in Iran is considered as a major health problem and a major cause of mortality. In the present study we attempted to assess the traffic fatalities trend and potential factors related to the hospital and pre-hospital deaths during years 2006 to 2012, in Iran.
In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed all deaths resulted from RTI (including hospital and pre-hospital deaths) during years 2006 to 2012 in Iran. The pattern of RTI occurrence was specified and then logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between potential factors related to pre-hospital deaths in comparison with hospital deaths.
During the years 2006 - 2012, in Iran 159,227 people died in traffic accidents, with the mean age of 37 years (and the standard deviation of 20.5) which 20.83% and 79.17% of them were females and males, respectively. Deaths from traffic accidents have decreased over these years, from 27,567 in 2006 to 19,089 in 2012. There was a significant association between sex and hospital/pre-hospital deaths and men more than women died before reaching the hospitals. Also pre-hospital deaths were increased with increasing of age: OR=1.005 (p It may be concluded that despite the decreaing pattern in the trend of RTI deaths in Iran in the years of the study, there was observed no decrease in the pre-hospital deaths compared to the hospital deaths More attention to the pre-hospital care and also conducting of local studies is essential in Iran.

Background and Objectives Health indicators reflect the health of the community and infant mortality rate is one of the most important indicators of health, economy and culture in each community that are taken into consideration in public health assessment. This study aimed to determine the rate and causes of mortality of children aged 1-59 month(s) in the hospitals of Kermanshah province.
Method and Materials: In this cross-sectional study, the registered cases of mortality of children aged 1-59 month(s) during 2011-2014 in Kermanshah province were extracted Information included demographic characteristic (age, sex of the deceased, residence and county) and the children’s cause of death based on the tenth international classification of diseases (ICD-10) was collected. Child death cases in each year were divided by the number of births. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi- square test.
Four hundred and thirty five deaths were recorded in the hospitals of Kermanshah province. The average age of children at death was 13.33 ± 13.99 months. Most death cases were related to boys (54.9 percent) and in terms of residence, 78% (337 cases) of people were in the city and the rest in the countryside. The highest mortality rate was in 2011 (3.6 deaths per thousand births) and the lowest in 2013 (2.5 deaths per thousand births). The most common cause of child death was related to injuries (18.6%) and the lowest cause of death was related to genitourinary system diseases (3%). The relation between gender and residence with the causes of infant mortality was not statistically significant (P>0.05).
According to the most important causes of death, designing interventions and educating parents and children about the prevention of injuries and raising parents awareness about the signs and symptoms of diseases, especially respiratory system diseases seem to be essential to reduce child mortality.

In the early stages of brain ischemia, the production of free radicals increases. Salvia officinalis is a rich source of antioxidant compounds. Therefore, in this study the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Salvia officinalis on blood -brain barrier permeability and neurological deficits have been studied.
In this experimental study 35 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups of 7 rats. The control group received distilled water; three groups received hydroalcoholic extracts of Salvia officinalis, respectively with doses of 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg for, 3 weeks intraperitoneally; The sham group was not treated and was not induced bybrain ischemia. Thereafter, the first four groups underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion 2 hours after the last injection and were induced by focal cerebral ischemia model, then blood- brain barrier permeability, and neurologic deficits were investigated.. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA.
The hydroalcoholic extract of salvia could reduce permeability of the blood-brain barrier in three doses of 50 (10.68±0.54), 75 (5.87±0.41) ,and 100 mg/kg (5.19±0.49) compared with the control group (p=0.018, p These results indicate that Salvia officinalis can make a guardianship in front of brain ischemia because it reduces blood- brain barrier permeability and neurologic deficits.

The dangerous events caused by medication errors are one of the main challenges faced in critical care units. The present study was conducted to determine the frequency of non-injectable medication administration errors and their causes in nurses of cardiac critical care units in Mazandaran province.
The present cross-sectional study was conducted in the critical care units (CCUs and cardiac surgery intensive care units) of 12 teaching hospitals. Of the total of 240 nurses working in these departments, 192 participated in the present study. The data collection tools used in this study included 3 questionnaires. The data obtained were analyzed by using descriptive statistics such as absolute frequency, relative frequency, mean and standard deviation.
The nurses reported 145 non-injectable medication administration errors. The most common non-injectable medication error pertained to administering the wrong dose (n=56 and 38.6%). As for the causes of non-injectable medication administration errors, 43.5% of the errors were associated with transcription, 25.5% with communication, 17.2% with work conditions, 11% with packaging and 2.8% with pharmacies. Of all the non-injectable medication errors committed, 90.3% had no consequences for the patients.
According to the results, strategies are recommended to be adopted for reducing or limiting medication errors, such as building a stronger pharmacology knowledge base in nurses and nursing students, improving work conditions and improving communication between the nurses and physicians.

Breastfeeding is one of the key strategies for growth and survival of children, as it is rich in nutrients and better than any other food which ensures the growing child. However, statistics have reported that a lot of women avoid exclusive breastfeeding. The aim of this research was to assess the relationship between demographic factors, healthy family and social health with exclusive breastfeeding.
In this cross-sectional study, 375 women referred to Kashani hospital in the city of Jiroft in 2014 were selected via simple random sampling and completed demographic, healthy family and social health questionnaires. Independent t-test, chi-square test, Fisher's exact test and odds ratio­ (OR) were applied to analyze the data.
The results showed that exclusive breastfeeding was more prevalent among women aged ≤30 years and housewives (p With regard to the relationship between healthy family and social health with exclusive breastfeeding, health education about healthy family and social health may help to increase the rate of exclusive breastfeeding.

One of the most important issues in studying scientific published articles within the health domain is to determine whether scientific articles are published based on the bulk of the existing problems. Unfortunately, the results of the carried out studies have highlighted that in certain situations the existing problems within the health domain are not investigated based on their dimension and extent. No matter what would be the reasons for this inequality, the scientists and health research grant providers, especially within the Low Income Countries, should try to investigate problems based on their sheer dimension in order to modify this unequal trend.

Patients can have an important role in the treatment of their disease with improving their information about it. Dialysis patients are among patients that their treatment period will be long. Therefore, the acquisition of information and improvement of the health literacy can help them to control their disease. There are different methods for information seeking. This study was carried out in order to study information seeking methods of dialysis patients in Kerman.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 210 dialysis patients in Kerman in 2015. Data were collected using a researcher made questionnaire that was contained 17 questions and distributed among convienience samples. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and chi- square test.
The results showed that following the diagnosis of the disease 84.8% (n=178) of dialysis patients tried to enhance their knowledge about their disease. Among those patinets who increased their knowelege, the majority (92.7%, n=165) increased their health knowledge about the causes of their disease. From the view point of all patients, physicians were the best source for knowledge acquisition. There was a significant relationship between level of education and information seeking (p=0.001).
The results showed that,due to the patients’ low level of health literacy and their being middle-aged they prefer to obtain knowledge from physicians. Therefore, it is recommended that proper information resources be provided for this group of patients considering their Conditions.