نشریه مطالعات بین المللی
سال سیزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 49، تابستان 1395)

The increased industrial activities during the past decades have resulted in fundamental changes in the climatic patterns. In the most vulnerable places, these climate changes could lead to disasters such as sea level rise, increased frequency of extreme weather, and drought and water scarcity. One of the most important consequences of these events on human's lives is the creation of new flows of forced migration. It is predicted that over the course of this century, more than two hundred million people will be displaced as a direct result of climate change. Protection of a new group of asylum seekers, which is almost twenty times bigger than what the refugee instruments currently protect, is one of the emerging concerns of the international legal studies. This article aims to illustrate the incapability of the current refugee protection system in providing sufficient protection for climate change-induced displaced persons through the analysis of the leading international and regional legal documents relating to the refugee's rights and protection, as well as evaluating the specific requirements of this group of refugees. Despite the significant attempts towards protecting the climate change refugees in regional level, there is still a serious need for a novel mechanism both in regional and international domains in order for the authorities to deal with this issue.

In this article, after noting the significance of the Persian Gulf in the center of heartland, the historical presence of coastal civilizations, states, and foreign powers in the region will be analyzed. While disputes and tensions in this region led to wars, some unions formed around the Persian Gulf region. According to the main hypothesis of this article, Iran can play a major role in the Persian Gulf region as well as finding its historical hegemonic situation by adopting a peaceful approach.

Dept. of International Law, IAU, Uromieh Branch, Uromieh, Iran. In the field of international law, the provisional measures and their accrued effects are some of the most important issues in the procedures of the international Court of Justice. Issuing the provisional measures intends to consolidate the judgment of the court, which not only contributes to the codification and development of the international law, but also strengthens the international law and facilitates its implementations. According to Article 41 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, the court shall have the power to indicate, if it considers that circumstances so require, any provisional measureswhich ought to be taken to preserve the respective right of either party. With regards to this statement, the present paper tries the descriptiveanalytic binding nature of the provisional measures and sanctions of it according to the paragraph that stated the case Legrand. Moreover, this paper intends to review the sanctions of the provisional measures for the Security Council and the International Court of Justice. The Court’s interpretation of Article 41 of the Constitution expresses the fact that the provisional measures issued in commitment implies the adoption of appropriate measures to deal with resonance conflicts and prevent further damage upon any of the parties. If this measure remains unfulfilled, it will result in the case of the responsibility of the offender.

Space activities are one of the most important and riskiest human activities in the contemporary era. Space and insurance are two intertwined elements that can open new horizons for the commercialization of space activities and investment of the private sector. However, despite the ever increasing growth of the space technology, the legal dimensions of some issues such as space tourism, the need for appropriate insurance coverage, and space waste have remained unspoken of in the space treaties. Can these treaties meet the needs of the active players in this area? This paper concludes that the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) can specify the legal dimensions of these concepts by creating a new legal system. In addition, it can play an important role in the development of the International Space Law by having the objective of an international insurance in order to reduce the costs of this section and the responsibility resulting from these activities.

One of the methods for analyzing the nature of governments’ commitments is to assess their commitments. Based on this method, all of the human rights will be consisted of three types of commitments for governments; commitment to respect, commitment to protect, and commitment to take action. On the other hand, in order to ensure that the human rights are being implemented in every situation, the International Humanitarian Law focuses on the responsibility and the rights of the parties involved in an armed conflict, neutral countries, and especially the civilians which are greatly consisted of women and children. The International Humanitarian Law is also one of the most effective tools for the international community in guaranteeing the safety and dignity of the human beings in time of armed conflicts. From another perspective, the criminal law plays a significant role on the enrichment and realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms, which could be used for protecting human rights and fair judicial measures or the individual and social security, especially in criminalization. Using an analytical-descriptive method, this article reviews the effects of international criminal laws and tribunals on human rights and International Humanitarian Laws.

Today, internal crisis in Yemen has grabbed the international attention, while the opposition groups are faced with mixed reactions from the Security Council. On the one hand, the Security Council has the primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security, while on the other hand, according to the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of states, it respects the right to self-determination movements and civil strife. Accordingly, due to the type of armed protests and the involvement of regional organizations, such as the Persian Gulf Cooperation Council and its geopolitical and geostrategic position on the Gulf of Aden, the crisis in Yemen caused Security Council to declare in its 2216 Resolution that the international peace and security is at risk. As a result, the Security Council called for respect towards the conflict rights, and planned transitional justice in Yemen. Using an analytical-descriptive method, this study reviews the implementation of 2216 Resolution in the International Humanitarian Law (IHL).The 2216 Resolution can use means such as transitional justice, individual sanctions, and the prohibition of the involvement of children in armed conflicts in order to ensure respect for IHL during the war in Yemen. However, despite considering the International Humanitarian Law in the 2216 Resolution, it lacks leverage to exercise adequate supervision on IHL by all parties involved in the conflict in order to create conditions for transitional justice.

PEGIDA is one of the German original movements which since last year, has challenged the German government through holding anti- Islamic demonstrations in many cities. Various transformations throughout the world, especially the images released of the inhuman acts of terrorist groups such as ISIS, which takes place in the name of Islam against Muslims and non – Muslims (Christians), and most importantly, the events of Charlie Hebdo and black Friday (13 November) in France, and explosions in Belgium caused this movement to attract more followers and to promote its anti-Islamic and foreign demands more vigorously. Based on the racism and nationalistic roots in Germany, and the sensitivities of the German government towards these matters, the German government has been trying to lessen the importance of this issue. However, the reality is different, since the actions of the West-leaning German government and the poisonous propaganda of the Western and German media during the past years have led to the creation of such movements against Islam and immigrants. Moreover, this movement is gradually expanding to other European countries as well. The nature of this study is analytical-descriptive and intends to address the roots of this movement in Germany and Europe.

Apart from the area of physical and mental activities, Tthe conceptual range of sport has not been disengaged of effective external variables and impressionable were not recognized much to this date. and not included only in the area of physical and mental activities. Sport has always affected in the fields of culturalculture, socialsociety, economics, and politicsal and subsequently affected. Considering With regards to the importance of scientific study ies on and recognition of the sports’ roles functions in the in politics, relations between governments and other international actors, in this research has investigated the study of sport relationship, among sports, politics, and international relations and it’s various aspects has been considering in the research. . The method applied is in this research is “Aanalytic-” and “Ddescriptive, and notable ”. The Library references have been implemented. With the support of various subjects regarding politics and international relations such as security, peace, national interests, power, nation-state building, economy, political acceptance, solidarity and convergence, ideology, sport diplomacy, and soft power, the following study has been accomplishedStudies and considerations has been accomplished, indicated affection of sport with supporting of self-software abilities is in the subjects of basic politic and international relations, such as Security, Peace, national interests, Power, Nation-State Building, Economy, political acceptance ,Solidarity and Convergence, Ideology, Sport Diplomacy, Soft power. On the other handConclusively, , the field of sportssport field is consistently under the influence of of orientation anddifferent governing approaches on politics and international relations by governmental and non-governmental actors in this field.