نشریه مطالعات بین المللی
سال سیزدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 51، زمستان 1395)

When the wars between countries were greater, rules and regulations of humanitarian law focused on the wars between the countries. Experts have spent their energy to develop international humanitarian law in order to protect human lives and environments that have been involved in great wars. However,in recent times,forms of war changed significantly. Seeking the identity of ethnic and religious groups, independence of the dominated lands, ignoring the basic rights of the people by their states, and the insurgencies and civil strives coexisting with new technologies of weapons are the main reasons for an increase in human casualties ininternational and domestic wars. Therefore, international humanitarian law has tended to develop rules for the second type of conflict. However, the rules do not seem to be fully developed. Meanwhile,athird type of armed conflicts has spread that is now being neglected. The third type of war is mainly an internal war that for various reasons hasturned intoan international conflict. The aim of this article is to provide new suggestions for the international community to pay more attention tospecial regulations and rules for the third typeof conflicts.

International Law,as Professor Herbert Hart has mentioned, has two kinds of regulations: first regulations (convention Law ) and second regulations (Responsibility Law ). Usually in international society,the second regulation complicates the enforcement of international law. While in legal issues, if the enforcement of first regulation is unimportant for some governments, or between two or more governments overa dispute when the first regulation exists but is not enough for settlement and the parties do not want to conclude new conventions for the dispute, enforcement of international responsibility (second regulation) will be hard. The dispute between Palestine and Israel is exactly as such.Sinceneither conventions are between them, they wouldnot recognize and enforce themfor their dispute,andIsrael’s responsibility is not recognizedeffectively by the United Nations, Security Council, International Court of Justice, and etc. In this research, we will explainthat the dispute between Israel and Palestine falls in what exact category of international law, and will also analyzethe paths through which the international society actors enforce the international law.

Governments have the main role in governing a country’s activities, for which they need budget. Budget is the artery of a government, sincegovernments do all their financial activitiesincluding obtaining income and paying the costs of various and numerous plans in the framework of the budget law. Therefore, budget reflects the entire picture of agovernment’s plans and activities, and plays a vital role in the development of national economics. In this regard, the roots of budget deficit should be looked for in the realm of political economics, as it is in many cases the result of mismanagement, economic crises, and financial indiscipline caused by political instability within the country. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to analyze the effect of political instability and violence on budget deficit in selected middle income countries. This is an applied research by objective, a causal research by method of study, and inferential research by methodology.
Results and Results from model estimation by the method of fixed effects and the generalized method of moments in the group of selected countries in the years between 2000 to 2013 show that instability and violence have a positive and meaningful effect on the budget deficit in the group of selected countries. Political instability increases a government’smilitary spending, and reduces tax revenues due to the decline in the country’s economic activity, resulting in an increase of the budget deficit.

The study of the growth of developed countries, suggests that higher education system has always been one of the pillars and fundamental factors of development and economic, social, and cultural rights in Iran. Thus, the countries that want to maintain comprehensive, balanced, and sustainabledevelopments, should make sure that theirsystem is balanced and thedevelopment of their higher education is sustainable. Global developments and their impacts on the system and the structure of the 80s also penetrated the paradigm of "world shrinkage" and the consciousness of the inhabitants of the earth on the concept of "small world" has not only caused "subjective" aspects, but also all of the "objective" aspects of “individual” and “collective”life. Thefocus on the higher education is one of the reasonable and documented examples in these criteria. In this article, we will look at comparative and theoretical framework research based on Mark Knight’s perspective on the study of adaptive infrastructure of higher education,explainits role in the development process towardthe national interest, and finally, analyze the current status of infrastructure in the country and the emphasized role of education in the national development process to identify existing gaps in the field based on governmental documents such as Vision 1404, the proposal related to the accomplishment of the object in the exploitation of this opportunity in the country.

Americas foreign policy during the rule of the neo-conservatives in dealing with Iran's nuclear program was based on hard power, which was not successful and led to an increase in Irans nuclear power. Obama, who rose to power with the slogan of “change” and solving Irans nuclear challenge with diplomacy, chose a smart approach which can be labeled as smart power (as opposed to hard power), a combination of hard and soft power. The main question of this article is how Obama could demonstrate Iran’s nuclear issue as a threat against the international peace and security, and gain Russian and European powers cooperation and approval as Iran’s partners to increase pressures on Iran.We argue that Obamas smart-power approach and his emphasis on multilateralism and political cooperation with European countries and Russia has increased political and economic pressures on Iran and their cooperation withThe United States policies. This paper will explain the definition of smart power and The United States reasons for implementing this policy, while emphasizing on approaches forThe United States policies to be associated with the great powers. The research methods used in this paper areanalytic and descriptive.

The study of European Union’s role in the new international system depends on some factors which without considering them it would be impossible to understand the EU’s main role in the world. Recent developments in the international society, especially economic crises, have fairly challenged the order that The United States is trying to lead. Until the end of the Cold War, The European Union had been trying to play a more significant role in international politics; however, the bipolar international system and the dominance of The United States did not leave any opportunity for The European Union to do so. With the end of the Cold War, this situation changed dramatically. In this era, the main goal of the European Union has been to support multilateralism and to take more responsibility in international issues. In this regard, the relation of the European Union with The United States, Russia, and China is also of great significance. This article will focus on the role of the European Union in the new international system and will also analyzethe EU’s relation with the mentioned powers.

The current study examines nuclear policy of Islamic Republic of Iran during the ninth and tenth governments. IN order to do so, reasons for emergence of crisis between Iran and West will be considered .There exist two different points of view, one of them assumes personal characteristics of the president led to the emergence of tension in the process of negotiation and the other standpoint assumes lack of good will but the researcher believes staking to just one of these points of view will not result in a clear answer and in order to consider the nuclear conflict of Iran we should utilize both points of view. The question of researcher is which theory will provide better analysis onthe reasons for which nuclear policy of Iran became a crisis? He assumes for both international environment and internal environment exert an influence over the occurrence of crisis nuclear policy of Iran during mentioned governments, a comprehensive theory should be utilized and as a result, correlation theory of James Rosenau was used to test the hypothesis.in order to do so, the secondary and library sources were mostly used. The result indicated that in the framework of correlation theory, international environment factor and individual factor(attitude and personal characteristics of president) play more important role than other factors(role of state and society) in determining current crisis nuclear policy of Islamic Republic of Iran during those governments.