نشریه راهبرد توسعه
سال پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 17، بهار 1388)

Defining and studying the concept of social capital, this article mentions the elements and records of the concept and the relations between economic development and social capital. In this regard some theories about relations between development and social capital has been studied and concluded that there is a relationship between accumulating of social capital and the development of a society. But we should note that this relation finds its meaning in context of social and historical of a society and there is not causal relations between the two concepts. The main point of the article is that we should not and cannot discuss about social capital abstractly without considering the time and place situations.

Five year passed from the begging of performance of Iran’s twenty years Vision Plan in 1404. During these five years, many economic experts have been criticized and studied the Plan. People and the officials of the country expect that the government should follow the Vision Plan as a strategic program. In this regard experts criticize severely the eighth and ninth governments for their deviations from the Vision Plan in the years of incumbency. On the other hand the government believes that the Vision Plan has vague inoperative and general definitions which are unreal. In this article the distinction between Strategic Program and the Vision Plan has been mentioned and then continuation of performance of the plan has been criticized and requested from the policymakers to adopt a new 15 years strategic program instead of waiting for finishing the 15 years of the Vision Plan. This strategic program can help to optimize the policies in way of development program of the country.

The only way to reach to the balanced development is to design cultural elements as irresolvable part of strategic programs. These strategic programs should be defined according to historical, social and cultural context of a society. Therefore in the stage of programming we should consider the cultural elements either as limiting factors which reduce the speed of development or the factors that provide social changes. Paying attention to Spatial Planning and the necessity to considering it in all national development programs is a must in twenty years Vision Plan and in Forth development program of the country. The aim of Spatial Planning in those programs is economic and environment. Spatial Planning from that point of view is making balance in different sectors to use from their capabilities and capacities. It is not to assimilate different sectors economically. The economic view in Spatial Planning is a partial short term view. Spatial Planning should be considered from the view of culture and cultural programming because from a universal standpoint it is the infrastructure of development. This article which applies documentary and secondary analysis method, is trying to answer the following questions:1. What’s the meaning of Cultural Spatial Planning and what categories should be considered in preparing and performing the Cultural Spatial Planning programs?2.What are the main characteristics of Cultural Spatial Planning?3.What are the role of Cultural and social matters in Spatial Planning programs?4.What’s the role of Cultural Spatial Planning in development and development planning? What is the best model for studying and preparing the Cultural Spatial Planning?

Social capital is an important concept in new sociology which is necessary for social solidarity and reaching to goals of the society. The existence of social capital elements in all societies is essential. This article discusses about existence and functions of these elements in Islamic society. Although Social Capital is a western concept and there is lots of literature about the concept, but there is a lack in the literature about its elements in Islam and its social rules in Iran. Applying the CRS model, this article determines the elements of social capital in Islamic rules. In this regard the structural, cognitive and communicational elements of social capital in Islam have been studied separately in details. This study shows there is a lot of ways to improve and boost the social capital in Islam which is necessary that the policy makers try to do so.

From the 1960s the oil rich countries have been adopted policies to manage oil revenues in form of creating saving funds or stabilizing it. Iran in recent decades has done practical policies in this regard. The latest policies about Management of Oil and gas Revenues in Iran refers to third development program of the country and crating Sovereign Wealth Fund. The performance of this policy during the third and fourth development programs of the country did not match its goals. This article studies the experiences of some countries in which the history of establishing the fund is more than 10 years. Five countries have successful experiences like Kuwait, Venezuela, Alaska, Alberta and Norway; two countries have unsuccessful experiences include Oman and New Guinea. The experiences of these countries and the success factors of this policy have been studied and at last some policies for optimizing management of oil revenues has been mentioned.

“Allah has promised to those of you who believe and do good that he will most certainly make them rulers in the earth as he made rulers those before them, and that he will most certainly establish for them their religion which he has chosen for them, and that he will most certainly, after their fear, give them security in exchange” The result of this action is mentioned then “they shall serve me, not associating aught with me”. God promises and inform the believers and who do good actions to give them honor and secure them from threats and therefore they will have a comfortable life to establish theism and identify God which is the ideal of the human. If there is insecurity, starvation and disaster the ideal condition to promote spirituality and mentality of human cannot establish. Mankind can promote spiritually only if there are justice, comfort and security not in insecure and poverty situation. The aim of Islam is promotion of spirit, this goal is prior to all values and all values are viewed from the perspective of that. Therefore all of these are proper to help to theism. If they deviate from this goal, it is not valuable. In Islamic management the absolute purpose is theism in other word this purpose is virtue. Other values are relative and instrumental. When we view the society from this point of view we should not consider all things economically. More benefit and products is only desirable in a way of God, if it cause recalcitrance it is not desirable in Islam.” man is most surely inordinate, because he sees himself free from want”.

Three are a lot of debates about Swaying in Exporting Iran’s Handmade Carpet. Most of the studies emphasize on entrepreneurship, gaining foreign exchange and high surplus value of handmade carpet therefore criticize the government for the loses in exporting handmade carpet to foreign markets and request to offer exporting award. Questioning the reasons of paying attention to handmade carpet, this article offering the three following causes in of Swaying in Exporting Iran’s Handmade Carpet:1.The main determining factor in exporting Iranian and other countries commodities is demands and capacities of foreign markets.2.Ten percent difference between Iran’s inflation rate and its commercial allies and great difference in comparison with rivals; and on the other hand relative stability and even reduction in importing prices cause to reduce the profits of handmade carpet export.3.The low surplus value and the long time to gain it, cause to reduce the wage of weavers. If we consider the insurance dole and tax this wage is only half of the standard wage, therefore if the income increased and new job opportunity found nobody would work in this career.Thereupon, it seems that the handmade carpet market limits to qualified products with high surplus value. In this regard the best policy for the government is not to interfere in the market and only stabilize the main area of macro economy.

Today Sciences and technologies have critical role in current world and they are the main instrument in competitive situation of the world therefore all the states trying to promote and develop scientifically. In recent years Iran also has been performed a lot of tasks in this regard but unfortunately it did not follow a Comprehensive Scientific Plan. If these efforts, promotions and innovations follow Comprehensive, conscious, purposeful Scientific Plan, it can lead the country toward balanced sustainable development. Comprehensive Scientific Plan of the Country should contain all education, research and technology sectors and compile according to economic, cultural and social development programs and Vision Plan to apply all scientific capabilities of the country. This article discusses how to write Comprehensive Scientific Plan, and notes the necessity and characteristics of it, opportunities and actions’ done and current facilities in the country to compile the Comprehensive Scientific Plan.

Exact decision making is the basis for success of managers, groups and organizations. To adopt a logical decisions to increase the organizational efficiency and productivity, we should design and perform a comprehensive decision making process which provoke organizational participation. Think tanks or thought chambers- that are recently modeled in our country- are the main centers which can help to facilitate the decision building and decision making. Think tanks are a kind of special organizations for thinking and research in policy making and decision making that is based on common sense and collective idea making. Think tanks through interdisciplinary studies and applying many experts provide necessary instruments in different areas for managers and policy makers of the society. Think tanks also contribute to managers and policy makers of organizations in their main task which is policy making process. This article studies the different aspect and functions of think tanks and their role in managers’ decision making.

Foreign policy as most important international behavior output, in all the age of Westphalia sovereignty, was the arena between theory and practice. Because the modernism by making a kind of fundamental dualism between subject and object, make a suitable field for mankind’s hegemony on nature and separation of theory from practices. Having influence on identity of states, international system determines some parts of state behaviors, attitudes and purposes of their foreign policy. On the other hand, foreign policies of the states enter as inputs in international system and affect it. Accordingly, foreign policies of the states before and after the bipolar structure of international system are different because achieving to purposes of foreign policy strategy of every state in shaped by place in the structure of international system. I have to find the answers of these questions; - The international Relations theories cannot explain the Islamic Republic of Iran’s foreign policy periods. - We can justify desirable and effective explanation of foreign policy in international system. - Post positivism theories cannot desirable effective explanation of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s foreign policy periods. - Positivism cannot desirable and effective explanation of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s foreign policy periods. We should consider two elements in foreign policy making and analysis of foreign policy of the states; A: Way of aiming and recognition of foreign policy purposes B: Strategies of foreign policy of the state Keywords: Islamic Republic of Iran’s foreign policy, Idealism, Realism and Constructivism Theories, International system, Structure of International System, International Relations Theories.

Undoubtedly peace is one of the most necessary needs of mankind. Beside the spiritual beauty and human value of peace it has economic functions which make it one of the essential requirements of humanity. Peace and justice sometimes highlighted in Iranian foreign policy especially in Ahmadinejad foreign policy. Slogans and approaches of ninth government like peace, kindness to mankind, and justice can be applied by social security programs. In other words because of the relations of kindness and justice slogans to all classes of society whether poor or rich, it can be applicable easily. In domestic area the ninth government has been adopted good amendments to facilitate social security and altering the activities of offices and simplify accessing the people to social security benefits and change some laws. Foreign policy of the states is one of the political pillars of the governments and tools of preventing national interests. Purposely foreign policy is related to national values like identity and expedience and practically it related to communication, information, legal contracts and agreements which is called diplomacy. The main principals of the ninth government foreign policy are: justice in international relations, kindness to people, resistance on principals, balanced development in relations with the other states, membership in economic and political and security organizations in regional and global level, anti unilateralism, and multilateralism in foreign policy. This article is to answer these questions: 1.What kind of policies adopted by Iran to perform peace and justice domestically and internationally?2.How can Iran create integration and alliance according to adopted policies?