نشریه راهبرد توسعه
سال هفتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 25، بهار 1390)

Imposing different taxes is one of the efficient tools for economics politics, such as distributive and financial politics; also it affects macroeconomic trends, such as growth, welfare, employment and stabilization. It should be considered that 70% of GDP is belong to the services and it creates many job opportunities in developed countries. Aim of this article is to study of subsidy reduction effect of water, electricity and gas services on price level of other sectors. the model which is used in this research is input-output table which can analysis the trade of different sectors and evaluate the integration of producer and consumer sectors. According to the finding of this article, subsidy reduction of water, electricity and gas services, only affects the net tax of production and import of all six sectors and in this way the water, electricity and gas services will be this first position which is affected by subsidy reduction. After water, electricity and gas services, other services, agricultural sector, industry and mining, housing, and oil and gas will be more affected by this policy.

The relationship between inflation and productivity has attracted a lot of attention from economists from applied and theoretical point of views. Regarding the expected contribution of productivity to economic growth in the document of twenty years outlook of Iranian economy, and that the Iran economy has suffered high inflation in the recent years, this issue is of specific importance for policy makers. The current literature about the relationship between inflation and productivity is almost narrow. Considering this background, in this research we are going to investigate this linkage more deeply to extend the theoretical literature.

In resent year, a lot of effort has gone into defining and classifying Informal activities. Thomas has divided the Informal activities up into informal, irregular, criminal and household part on the basis of being legal and marketing exchange in economy. This paper makes an effort to classify the informal activities in comparison with the classification of common economy on the basis of Islamic economy. According to this classification, the criterion of exchanging in market is protected and can be also used in Islam economy. The criterion of Islam law has been used instead of being legal in addition, Intention, which is one of the main valuable criterions in Islam, has been used. Finally, marketing exchange, Islam law and Intention provide a foundation for definition and classification of the Informal activities in Islamic economy.

In the current area of international political-economic system which leading a high quality standards of welfare, comfort, employment and sufficient income for all of society members and also reaching to stable development is considered one of the most significant goals and efforts of designers and politicians in world countries especially developing societies, particular accentuation and consideration on cooperative units function as third backbone of economics and its effects on employment and providing the grounds for social justice and stable development in these countries is of great importance. Therefore, the ministry of cooperation with multiple efforts in the geographical domain of country, within education, upgrading and founding culture, by providing financial facilities and incorporeal supporting for achieving prime goals and socio-economic development within national plans and the realization of 44 clause of constitution, was be able to supply preliminaries of operation, expansion and activities of public cooperative unites for employment and realization of %25 share of cooperation division in the growth of national economy.To reach this goal, the ministry of cooperation has taken a step forward by making agreements with other executive organs in provincial, national and state levels. In the current study which is of descriptive-analytic type, we tried to evaluate the role of such joint agreements between cooperation division and executive organs in Fars province to form and upgrade in recent three years (1386-1388) and since the beginning of the agreement until now.

Justice is a value concept which is analyzed in normative economy. Capitalism economy theory regards justice as entrepreneurs’ achievement in the marketplace. Socialism economy theory sees justice as equality of members in all society facilities. Islamic economy theory considers justice as making equal opportunities for all members of society but does not believe in equality of income and wealth because a little inequality is necessary for a dynamic society and individuals’ motivations in production. In brief, in Islamic economy theory, all things are measured by justice scale.All countries with a relative justice have passed different paths but all had a proper education system. Inability of education systems to solve society’s problems is the main reason of injustice. Perhaps, roots of social and economic crises can be found in education system. This paper aims to find a theoretical solution to implement justice in all economic fields by provision of solutions for fair distribution of income, education opportunities, and hygiene, housing and employment. The research hypotheses consist: 1. The main factor to implement economic justice, based on Islamic economy theory, is the creation of equal opportunity.2. Fair distribution of income and wealth needs fair distribution of education and occupational opportunities. Descriptive method used to find the reason of injustice and to analyze the status quo and compare it with economic theory. Range of Islamic government activities is extensive so that government can use broader tax tools to control economic freedoms. From view of justice, the main duty of government is distribution which is divided into two control and income policies.Reaching research objectives, it is recommended to make rational unity among scholars and between executive, judiciary and legislative authorities to exert social justice. That is there would be a critical challenge in exerting justice until making a unity in theoretical and practical foundations of justice.

Review of income distribution always to improve living conditions in any society is desired. On the other hand, dependence of Islamic Azad University to revenue from tuition payments of students in more than a quarter century of service and lack of other suitable source of income, the sensitivity of the issue has more been. This article reviews the background research conducted to review application of information theory methods in economic statistics and revenue paid by students using the above method will check. Expressed in this article, after some debate over the necessity of some concepts and theoretical foundations related to the topic addressed and more studies done and results achieved in this field be expressed.

Equality and progress in an Islamic government have always been the most significant demands of the Iranian nation. Equality and progress are, indeed, two inseparable concepts and no progress will be achieved without first establishing equality. In order for an individual, community, or government to achieve progress, this is crucial to set goals as making progress depends, first and foremost, on setting goals. And in so doing, the past, present, and future should be taken into consideration.Demanding equality has been an instinctive need and a common goal of all human beings throughout history; no single movement or revolution was launched without chanting “equality.” As regards progress, it literally means “moving forward,” often used anonymously with “stagnating” and “moving backward,” and here, it refers to moving from the status quo of the Iranian society toward a desired society based on an Islamic-Iranian approach. With maintaining a positive interaction between equality and progress, an equality model is proposed in this paper. If put into practice, it is hoped that this model will make considerable progress in different moral, political, economic, judicial, security-related, and technological dimensions; changing the Islamic Republic ultimately into a model of success worldwide.

The issue of employment and individual's achievement to desired occupation is considered as one of the most basic society needs. One of the macro goals of development in most of the countries including Iran is reducing unemployment and developing occupational activities. Unemployment is represented as a social, economic and cultural destroyer phenomenon and its resolution is always considered among main concerns of planners. Also, unemployment is one of the most unfavorable social and economic phenomena resulting in negative and undesirable consequences. In recent years, especially currently, Iran's economy, especially in rural regions, suffers from this problem causing active and unemployed human forces of rural regions to migrate to cities (nowhere lands) in which there are many problems in this regard too and whose problems double when entering these immigrants there. In addition to the problem of unemployment, other problems including squatter housing, crime, traffic jams and so on occur in cities. Therefore, the main solution of this problem is latent in villages, which should be basically checked. So, countering against unemployment and solving the problem of employment should be on the top of government programs.The current paper seeks to identify and find the roots of state’s current status of unemployment and employment from 1335 till 1389. Also, it investigates the degree of employment in economic triple sectors. Findings indicate that, according to the latest statistics (1389 spring), Northern Khorasan, Central Khorasan and East Azerbaijan provinces with 5.4%, 10.3% and 10.4%, respectively, have the low rate of unemployment. And Fars, Lorestan and Ardebil with 21.3%, 16.1% and 15%, respectively, have the high rate of unemployment. In accordance with the formal statistics of Iran’s Statistics Center, the rate of unemployment is 11.2% in 1385 (2005). Presently, according to the statistics of this year’s first quarter, the rate of unemployment has reached to 14.6% which has increased 3.4% compared to the rate of 1385, revealing the high rate of unemployment in Iran. Results show that although the rate of unemployment has evidently decreased in some provinces, the rate of unemployment in our country is high comparing with developed countries and most of developing countries. The reason for this is ever-increasing growth of population, increase of work force supply as well as lowness of production potentials. Research method is descriptive-analytical and quantitative and data collection method is library research, with reference to the formal statistics of Iran’s Statistics Center and based on documents and deeds.

This paper attempts to estimate the relationship between economic growth and coal consumption in Iran, using data for the period of 1350-1386. The co integration tests showed no long run relationship among the variables. We discovered that is no causality relationship between coal consumption and economic growth, this means an increase in coal consumption directly dont affects economics growth.

Countries at central Asia and Ghfghaz have considerable amounts of gas and oil resources. The oil and gas extracted from these resources cannot be easily supplied in the demanding areas, though these resources are located near market places. During the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the main transit route of the energies of these areas was crossing across Russia. But, after the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the first rivalries in this regard were developed between Iran and Russia, as Iran is close to these oil-rich countries. However, Russia has been the winner of this competition, though Iran has had high potentials for transiting energy. Hence, in this regard, a substantial question will raise on how Russia have been the only active country in transiting energy to the above mentioned areas, while having such a powerful competitor like Iran with considerable capacities for accomplishing the task of energy transit. The results of an analytical-descriptive study carried out with the use of library and electronic sources show that the regional policy of the US towards Iran, which is all things without Iran, has been one of most important factors facilitating the Russia policy on the energy exclusivity related to the aforementioned areas.